Financial Crisis And Its Effects On The Economy - 1337 Words

Financial crisis can be profoundly described in the example of the subprime financial crisis in the US. It includes causes and preconditions along with steps and options to rectify the situation, which makes it substantial for understanding the nature and consequences of most financial crises. This article is oriented on revealing the key reasons of economic downfall, ways to avoid or mitigate the situation, and the role of a business analyst in the situations of possible or factual crises. The background of the crisis that started in 2007 actually goes back to the period of 2004-2006, when large foreign investments came to the US attracted by the powerful economy with low discount rates at that period. Investments mainly originated from fast-growing economies in Asia and oil-producing/exporting countries and created an additional supply of money on the market that only intensified the housing and credit bubbles. Large amounts of additional money inflows from around the world into the US economy were also achieved through an innovative tool such as mortgage-backed securities, which derive their value from mortgage payments and housing prices (Bernanke, 2009). As the price’s decline happened and the housing bubble had burst, a lot of institutions reported great losses. Money supply had also stimulated the development of private financial institutions that were eager to give high-risk loans. During the first two years the loan rate was fixed, but increased significantly inShow MoreRelatedFinancial Crisis And Its Effects On The Economy Essay1593 Words   |  7 Pagesinvestment banks, two financial conglomerates, three insurance companies, and three rating agencies. Furthermore, all of these companies are working hand-and-hand, as a team, whose main goal is to increase their personal bank accounts, which are located in banks overseas, at the risk of their consumers and investors. All of this can arguably be seen as a result of the idiotic decisions made by those in the government who repeatedly denied that they could foresee a financial crisis happening, even thoughRead MoreFinancial Crisis And Its Effects On Economy1413 Words   |  6 PagesIn 1997, Asia financial crisis broke out. It brought a huge and negative influence on economy of Asia, even t he world economy. Financial crisis which is the value of financial assets decline, lots of financial institution out of business or stock market crash. Currency plays an important role in the market. It is a base that keep economic stability in the country. When currency change significantly, the country’s economy in turmoil. The financial crisis started from Thailand, and then PhilippinesRead MoreFinancial Crisis And Its Effects On The World Economy1467 Words   |  6 PagesBetween the years of 2007 to 2008, the world was faced with a major financial meltdown with global market failures and economies in shambles. The emergence of subprime mortgages and the collapse of securitized derivatives led to much speculation of different causes. What was the root factor that led to the triggering of this financial crisis? This research conducts a comparative analysis of my research and beliefs on the cause of the crisis contrary to other researchers’ conclusions. It is an aim to provideRead MoreFinancial Crisis And Its Effects On American Economy Essay1834 Words   |  8 PagesA financial crisis involves the value of financial institutions or assets dropping rapidly. It is often associated with a panic on the banks causing investors to sell off assets or withdraw money from savings accounts. This is the result of concern that the value of those assets will drop if left at the financial institution. As the crisis intensifies there is a significant change in the amount of risk that world financial markets are willing and able to accept. This results in easy credit conditionsRead MoreGlobal Financial Crisis And Its Effects On The Global Economy1900 Words   |  8 PagesIntroduction The global financial crisis had a profound on the financial markets leading to recession in a majority of advanced economies and massive growth declines emerging and developing economies. A financial crisis occurs when disruption increases asymmetric information in the financial system affecting efficient channeling of funds (Mishkin Eakins, 2012). The information asymmetry disrupts the transmission of funds from savers to productive investments and households. The profound natureRead More1.1. The Effect Of The Financial Crisis On The GCC National Economy: The United stated1300 Words   |  6 Pages1.1. The Effect Of The Financial Crisis On The GCC National Economy: The United stated financial crisis has greatly influenced aspects of the GCC economic and financial market. Generally the crisis leaded to a negative economic development, high unemployment rate across industries. Moreover the crisis has affected the overall liquidity level among GCC countries hence the regulatory bodies took all the measures to impose policies to reduce the negative effect of the crisis on their variousRead MoreWhy India Recovered Quickly From The 2008 Global Crisis Essay1594 Words   |  7 Pagesrecovered quickly from the 2008 global crisis? Vivek Shah MBA AF 629 December 12, 2016 Introduction It’s the most heard term about the global economy in the recent years and it’s the year we have been always hearing about its 2008. We all have been a part of it in some or the other way and all the major economies had been affected by the global turmoil which eventually lead to the worst situation after the Great depression of 1929. The sub-prime crisis in USA which lead to great recession whereRead MoreExploring the Contagion and Its Effect on Macroeconomic Conditions1452 Words   |  6 Pagescollateralized debt instruments featuring subprime mortgages, began to struggle. The result was a credit crisis, followed by substantial government intervention in the industry. This crisis then spread throughout much of the rest of the world. The contagion effect was driven by factors such as financial institution connectedness and exposure to the US economy. This paper will explore the contagion, and its effect on macroeconomic conditions both in the United States and around t he world. Body A contagionRead MoreWorld Economy Individual Assignment :1022 Words   |  5 PagesWorld Economy Individual Assignment-Baris Kayacan Fast economic conversion that Turley experienced after 1980 has made a significant effect on country’s whole economy and especially removal of obstacles in front of capital movements and integration of the country with global economy has increased the importance of financial sector as a whole . But this fast conversion made the economy vulnerable to crisis and Turkish economy experienced two devastating economic crisis in post 1980 era. In this reportRead MoreProblems Associated With The Financial Crisis1165 Words   |  5 Pagesinitial financial problems were concentrated in institutions exposed to mortgage securitization. But how it is that financial imbalances were transmitted into macroeconomic disruptions? What mainly channeled the crisis to other sectors was the resulting contraction in credit, of banks and other financial intermediaries. It is important to differentiate between the loss of financial actors associated with mortgages, which was the initially crisis, and the losses caused by the after effects, also called

Islamic State Of Iraq And Al Sham - 943 Words

The Islamic State of Iraq and Al-Sham is a terrorist organization that began as Al-Qaeda in Iraq. Since Al-Sham can mean Syria or the Levant, media and governments usually refer to them as the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) or the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL); some use the derogatory name Daesh in order to avoid recognizing the group’s claims. The Islamic State declared themselves a caliphate with Abu Bakr Al-Baghdadi becoming Caliph Ibrahim. He claims authority over all loyal Muslims worldwide, and uses extreme violence in an attempt to spread their extreme ideology. They pose a great threat to the Middle East and the West as long as they continue to exist and hold power in the region. In order to limit the radical long-term effect they could have on the world, the nations of the Coalition against them must devote all available resources to destroying the organization rather than many devoting some resources to containing them. Although the Islamic State’s main area of operation is in Iraq and Syria, they have affiliates in Afghanistan, Pakistan, and parts of Africa. Much of this support comes from members of the Taliban defecting, and Boko Haram committing itself to support the Islamic State. As a whole, 1,000 terrorists from various locations across the globe join each month. The group has convinced several teenagers to leave their homes and join; if they become disillusioned and attempt to leave, the group kills them. The more territoryShow MoreRelatedThe Islamic State Of Iraq And Al Sham1620 Words   |  7 Pages know how dangerous these people are becoming. The Islamic State of Iraq and al Sham also known as ISIS, an Al Qaeda affiliation is not only alive but spreading and spreading fast. The group started out in Iraq as the world known Al Qaeda before rebranding themselves. Though both jihadi groups strived to establish an independent Islamic state in the region of Iraq , ISIS believes in a much more brutal regimine. Threating to take over both Iraq and Syria, killing and beheading both their own andRead MoreThe Islamic State Of Iraq And Al Sham1550 Words   |  7 PagesIn his autobiography ‘Radical’, Maajid Nawaz, a former member of the radical Islamist organization, Hizb al-Tahrir (HT), outlines the differences between Islam, Islamism, and Jihadism, three different concepts that are key in understanding radical groups within the Muslim world. Firstly, Nawaz defines Islam quite simply; it is a religion, defined similarly to all other faiths. Islamism, on the other hand, is defined as â€Å"the desire to impose Islam over society as law†. It is an ideological thoughtRead MoreThe Islamic State Of Iraq And Al Sham1461 Words   |  6 PagesThe Islamic State, otherwise called the Islamic State of Iraq and al-Sham (ISIS), takes after an unmistakable assortment of Islam whose convictions about the way to the Day of Judgment matter to its system, and can help the West know its adversary and foresee its conduct. Its ascent to power is less like the triumph of the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt (a gathering whose pioneers the Islamic State considers faithless people) than like the acknowledgment of a tragic substitute reality. The White HouseRead MoreThe Islamic State Of Iraq And Al Sham1471 Words   |  6 PagesJoshua Bacon Ed Rowe American Security Overview 26 January 2016 The Islamic State, also known as the Islamic State of Iraq and al-Sham (ISIS), follows a distinct variety of Islam whose beliefs about the path to the Day of Judgment define its strategy, and can help the West know its enemy and predict its behavior. Its rise to power is less like the triumph of the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt (a group whose leaders the Islamic State considers apostates) than like the realization of a dystopian alternateRead MoreIslamic State Of Iraq And Al Sham ( Isis )838 Words   |  4 PagesWhat Are ISIS Intentions? This assignment is a qualitative study about Islamic State of Iraq and al-Sham (ISIS). What it ISIS? Where does it come from? What are its intentions? These questions seem to be simple but can be misrepresenting. According to Schmitt, Major General Nagata, the Special Operations commander for the U.S. in the Middle East, admitted that that he had barely begun figuring out the Islamic State?s appeal. ?We have not defeated the idea,? he said. ?We do not even understandRead MoreThe Islamic State During Iraq And Al Sham ( Isis )1703 Words   |  7 Pagesindividual or society responds well to the hardships and suffering it encounters, that individual or society will continue to improve and evolve. Today, the media reports that the Islamic State in Iraq and al-Sham (ISIS) is struggling to gain power for their people through the reacquisition of land and reunification of Islamic people. ISIS has threatened attacks on the western world, should they attempt to intervene in this struggle (Ivison, 2014). The western world views this as a threat to its powerRead MoreThe Fall Of The Taliban Group809 Words   |  4 Pageswar on Afghanistan, forced Zarqawi to escape to Iraq. There his existence went widely unnoticed till the Bush administration used it as evidence that al-Qaeda was in relation with Saddam Hussein and they would get assistance through his regime. In fact, though, Zarqawi was a free agent, searching to create his own terror group organization. Briefly after the US-led Occupation of Iraq in 2003, he set up the forerunner to today’s Islamic State: Jama’at al-Tawhid w’al-Jihad (the Party of Monotheism andRead MoreWhat Is The Potential Of The Islamic State Attacks?767 Words   |  4 PagesWith the increase of Islamic State-affiliated attacks by radicalized â€Å"Lone Wolf† actors and dedicated Islamic State fighters, it is necessary to consider the potential for similar attacks in the United States. The November 2015, coordinated attack in Paris, France, and the January 2015, shooting in the Charlie Hebdo offices in Paris, demonstrated the Islamic States ability to coordinate complex attacks in physical locations however, the true measure of the Islamic States potential lies in its abilityRead MoreSyria During The Middle East1666 Words   |  7 Pagescontinuously inhabited cities in the world (CIA Fact Book). Once a part of the Ottoman Empire, Syria was controlled by France following World War I until it gained its independence in 1946. Following independence, Syria has been in a rather consistent state of turmoil and government coups leading to instability in not only the country but also the region as a whole. Current Events Syria has been in a Civil War officially since July 2012 when the Red Cross declared it so that Geneva Conventions couldRead MoreThe Islamic State : An Accident Of History1579 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction: The Islamic State is an accident of history, emerging from multiple political, economic, and social tensions in the Middle East. It has challenged the territorial divisions forced in the region following the fall of the Ottoman Empire by shaping out for itself a large area of territory. But ultimately, its consequence will flow as much from its challenge to settled concepts of government, national sovereignty, and national identity. The Islamic State is most well-known for the violence

University of Cambridge free essay sample

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The University of Cambridge ( informally Cambridge University, or merely Cambridge ) is a public research university located in Cambridge, United Kingdom. It is the 2nd oldest university in both England and the English-speaking universe and the 7th oldest university globally. In post-nominals the university s name is abbreviated as Cantab, a sawed-off signifier of Cantabrigiensis ( an adjective derived fromCantabrigia, the Latinised signifier of Cambridge ) . The university grew out of an association of bookmans in the metropolis of Cambridge that was formed, early records suggest, in 1209 by bookmans go forthing Oxford after a difference with townspeople. The two ancient universities have many common characteristics and are frequently jointly referred to as Oxbridge. In add-on to cultural and practical associations as a historic portion of British society, the two universities have a long history of competition with each other. Academically, Cambridge ranks as one of the universe s top universities, every bit good as a taking university in Europe, and contends with Oxford for first topographic point in UK conference tabular arraies. Affiliates of the University have won more Nobel Prizes than those of any other establishment in the universe with 88 Nobel Laureates as of October 4, 2010 the most recent one being Robert G. Edwards for the award in physiology or medical specialty. The University is a member of the Russell Group of research-led British universities, the Coimbra Group, the League of European Research Universities and the International Alliance of Research Universities. It forms portion of the Golden Triangle of British universities. History Cambridge # 8217 ; s position was enhanced by a charter in 1231 from King Henry III of England which awarded the ius non trahi supernumerary ( a right to train its ain members ) plus some freedom from revenue enhancements, and a bull in 1233 from Pope Gregory IX that gave alumnuss from Cambridge the right to learn everyplace in Christendom. After Cambridge was described as a studiumgenerale in a missive by Pope Nicholas IV in 1290, and confirmed as such in a bull by Pope John XXII in 1318, it became common for research workers from other European medieval universities to come and see Cambridge to analyze or to give talk classs. Administration Cambridge is a collegiate university, intending that it is made up of self-governing and independent colleges, each with its ain belongings and income. Most colleges bring together faculty members and pupils from a wide scope of subjects, and within each module, school or section within the university, faculty members from many different colleges will be found. The modules are responsible for guaranting that talks are given, set uping seminars, executing research and finding the course of study for instruction, overseen by the General Board. Together with the cardinal disposal headed by the Vice-Chancellor, they make up the full Cambridge University. Facilities such as libraries are provided on all these degrees: by the University ( the Cambridge University Library ) , by the sections ( departmental libraries such as the Squire Law Library ) , and by the single colleges ( all of which maintain a multi-discipline library, by and large aimed chiefly at their undergraduates ) . Colleges All pupils and many of the faculty members are attached to colleges, where they socialise. It is besides the topographic point where pupils may have their little group learning Sessionss, known as supervisings. Each college appoints its ain instruction staff and chaps in each topic ; decides which pupils to acknowledge, in conformity with university ordinances ; provides little group learning Sessionss, for undergraduates ( though talks are arranged and grades are awarded by the university ) ; and is responsible for the domestic agreements and public assistance of its ain undergraduates, alumnuss, post-doctoral research workers, and staff in general. The University of Cambridge presently has 31 colleges, of which three, Murray Edwards, Newnham and Lucy Cavendish, admit adult females merely. The other colleges are now assorted, though most were originally all-male. Darwin was the first college to acknowledge both work forces and adult females, while Churchill, Clare and King s colleges were the first antecedently all-male colleges to acknowledge female undergraduates in 1972. Magdalene was the last all-male college to go assorted in 1988. Clare Hall and Darwin admit merely graduate students, and Hughes Hall, Lucy Cavendish, St Edmund # 8217 ; s and Wolfson admit onlymature ( i.e. 21 old ages or older on day of the month of matriculation ) pupils, including alumnus pupils. All other colleges admit both undergraduate and postgraduate pupils with no age limitations. Colleges are non required to acknowledge pupils in all topics, with some colleges taking non to offer topics such as architecture, history of art or divinity, but most o ffer near to the complete scope. Some colleges maintain a prejudice towards certain topics, for illustration with Churchill tilting towards the scientific disciplines and technology, while others such as St Catharine s purpose for a balanced intake.Costs to pupils ( adjustment and nutrient monetary values ) vary well from college to college. Others maintain much more informal reputes, such as for the pupils of King s College to keep leftist political positions, or Robinson College and Churchill College s efforts to understate its environmental impact. There are besides several theological colleges in Cambridge, including Westcott House, Westminster College and Ridley Hall Theological College, that are affiliated to the university and are members of the Cambridge Theological Federation. Teaching The chief method of learning at Cambridge colleges is the supervising. These are typically hebdomadal hour-long Sessionss in which little groups of pupils # 8211 ; normally between one and three # 8211 ; meet with a member of the university s teaching staff or a doctorial pupil. Students are usually required to finish an essay or assignment in progress of the supervising, which they will discourse with the supervisor during the session, along with any concerns or troubles they have had with the stuff presented in that hebdomad s talks. Lectures at Cambridge are frequently described as being about a mere bolt-on to these supervisings. Students receive between one and three supervisings per hebdomad, depending upon their topic. This pedagogical system is frequently cited as being alone to Cambridge and Oxford ( where # 8220 ; supervisings # 8221 ; are known as # 8220 ; tutorials # 8221 ; ) The construct of rating pupils work quantitatively was developed by a coach named William Farish at the University of Cambridge in 1792. Schools, modules and sections In add-on to the 31 colleges, the university is made up of over 150 sections, modules, schools, mobs and other establishments. Members of these are normally besides members of one or more of the colleges and duty for running the full academic programme of the university is divided amongst them. A School in the University of Cambridge is a wide administrative grouping of related modules and other units. Each has an elected supervisory organic structure # 8211 ; the Council of the school # 8211 ; consisting representatives of the constitutional organic structures. Therearesixschools: ArtsandHumanities BiologicalSciences ClinicalMedicine HumanitiesandSocialSciences PhysicalSciences Technology Teaching and research in Cambridge is organised by modules. The modules have different organizational sub-structures which partially reflect their history and partially their operational demands, which may include a figure of sections and other establishments. In add-on, a little figure of organic structures entitled Syndicates have duties for learning and research, e.g. Cambridge Assessment, the University Press, and the University Library. Academic twelvemonth The academic twelvemonth is divided into three footings, determined by the Legislative acts of the University. Michaelmas Term lasts from October to December ; Lent Term from January to March ; and Easter Term from April to June. Within these footings undergraduate learning takes topographic point within eight-week periods called Full Footings. These footings are shorter than those of many other British universities. Undergraduates are besides expected to fix to a great extent in the three vacations ( known as the Christmas, Easter and Long Vacations ) . Student life Sports Cambridge maintains a long tradition of pupil engagement in athletics and diversion. Rowing is a peculiarly popular athletics at Cambridge, and there are competitions between colleges, notably the bumps races, and against Oxford, the Boat Race. There are besides Varsity lucifers against Oxford in many other athleticss, runing from cricket and rugger, to chess and tiddlywinks. Athletes stand foring the university in certain athleticss entitle them to use for a Cambridge Blue at the discretion of the Blues Committee, dwelling of the captains of the 13 most esteemed athleticss. # 1055 ; # 1077 ; # 1088 ; # 1077 ; # 1074 ; # 1086 ; # 1076 ; # 1050 ; # 1077 ; # 1084 ; # 1073 ; # 1088 ; # 1080 ; # 1076 ; # 1078 ; # 1089 ; # 1082 ; # 1080 ; # 1081 ; # 1091 ; # 1085 ; # 1080 ; # 1074 ; # 1077 ; # 1088 ; # 1089 ; # 1080 ; # 1090 ; # 1077 ; # 1090 ; # 1050 ; # 1077 ; # 1084 ; # 1073 ; # 1088 ; # 1080 ; # 1076 ; # 1078 ; # 1089 ; # 1082 ; # 1080 ; # 1081 ; # 1091 ; # 1085 ; # 1080 ; # 1074 ; # 1077 ; # 1088 ; # 1089 ; # 1080 ; # 1090 ; # 1077 ; # 1090 ; ( # 1085 ; # 1077 ; # 1086 ; # 1092 ; # 1080 ; # 1094 ; # 1080 ; # 1072 ; # 1083 ; # 1100 ; # 1085 ; # 1086 ; # 1050 ; # 1077 ; # 1084 ; # 1073 ; # 1088 ; # 1080 ; # 1076 ; # 1078 ; ) # 1103 ; # 1074 ; # 1083 ; # 1103 ; # 1077 ; # 1090 ; # 1089 ; # 1103 ; # 1075 ; # 1086 ; # 1089 ; # 1091 ; # 1076 ; # 1072 ; # 1088 ; # 1089 ; 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# 1080 ; # 1090 ; # 1077 ; # 1090 ; # 1072 ; , # 1082 ; # 1086 ; # 1090 ; # 1086 ; # 1088 ; # 1099 ; # 1077 ; # 1091 ; # 1096 ; # 1083 ; # 1080 ; # 1080 ; # 1079 ; # 1085 ; # 1077 ; # 1075 ; # 1086 ; # 1087 ; # 1086 ; # 1089 ; # 1083 ; # 1077 ; # 1089 ; # 1087 ; # 1086 ; # 1088 ; # 1072 ; # 1089 ; # 1075 ; # 1086 ; # 1088 ; # 1086 ; # 1078 ; # 1072 ; # 1085 ; # 1072 ; # 1084 ; # 1080 ; . # 1044 ; # 1074 ; # 1072 ; # 1076 ; # 1088 ; # 1077 ; # 1074 ; # 1085 ; # 1080 ; # 1093 ; # 1091 ; # 1085 ; # 1080 ; # 1074 ; # 1077 ; # 1088 ; # 1089 ; # 1080 ; # 1090 ; # 1077 ; # 1090 ; # 1086 ; # 1074 ; # 1080 ; # 1084 ; # 1077 ; # 1102 ; # 1090 ; # 1084 ; # 1085 ; # 1086 ; # 1075 ; # 1086 ; # 1086 ; # 1073 ; # 1097 ; # 1080 ; # 109 3 ; # 1095 ; # 1077 ; # 1088 ; # 1090 ; # 1080 ; # 1095 ; # 1072 ; # 1089 ; # 1090 ; # 1086 ; # 1089 ; # 1086 ; # 1074 ; # 1084 ; # 1077 ; # 1089 ; # 1090 ; # 1085 ; # 1086 ; # 1080 ; # 1084 ; # 1077 ; # 1085 ; # 1091 ; # 1077 ; # 1084 ; # 1099 ; # 1077 ; Oxbridge. # 1042 ; # 1076 ; # 1086 ; # 1087 ; # 1086 ; # 1083 ; # 1085 ; # 1077 ; # 1085 ; # 1080 ; # 1077 ; # 1082 ; # 1091 ; # 1083 ; # 1100 ; # 1090 ; # 1091 ; # 1088 ; # 1085 ; # 1099 ; # 1084 ; # 1080 ; # 1087 ; # 1088 ; # 1072 ; # 1082 ; # 1090 ; # 1080 ; # 1095 ; # 1077 ; # 1089 ; # 1082 ; # 1080 ; # 1084 ; # 1086 ; # 1073 ; # 1098 ; # 1077 ; # 1076 ; # 1080 ; # 1085 ; # 1077 ; # 1085 ; # 1080 ; # 1077 ; # 1084 ; , # 1080 ; # 1089 ; # 1090 ; # 1086 ; # 1088 ; # 1080 ; # 1095 ; # 1077 ; # 1089 ; # 1082 ; # 1086 ; # 1081 ; # 1095 ; # 1072 ; # 1089 ; # 1090 ; # 1080 ; # 1073 ; # 1088 ; # 1080 ; # 1090 ; # 1072 ; # 1085 ; # 1089 ; # 1082 ; # 1086 ; # 1075 ; # 1086 ; # 1086 ; # 1073 ; # 1097 ; # 1077 ; # 1089 ; # 1090 ; # 1074 ; # 1072 ; , # 1076 ; # 1074 ; # 1072 ; # 1091 ; # 1085 ; # 1080 ; # 1074 ; # 1077 ; # 1088 ; # 1089 ; # 1080 ; # 1090 ; # 1077 ; # 1090 ; # 1072 ; # 1080 ; # 1084 ; # 1077 ; # 1102 ; # 1090 ; # 1076 ; # 1072 ; # 1074 ; # 1085 ; # 1102 ; # 1102 ; # 1080 ; # 1089 ; # 1090 ; # 1086 ; # 1088 ; # 1080 ; # 1102 ; # 1089 ; # 1086 ; # 1087 ; # 1077 ; # 1088 ; # 1085 ; # 1080 ; # 1095 ; # 1077 ; # 1089 ; # 1090 ; # 1074 ; # 1072 ; # 1076 ; # 1088 ; # 1091 ; # 1075 ; # 1089 ; # 1076 ; # 1088 ; # 1091 ; # 1075 ; # 1086 ; # 1084 ; . # 1042 ; # 1091 ; # 1095 ; # 1077 ; # 1073 ; # 1077 ; , # 1050 ; # 1077 ; # 1084 ; # 1073 ; # 1088 ; # 1080 ; # 1076 ; # 1078 ; # 1089 ; # 1095 ; # 1080 ; # 1090 ; # 1072 ; # 1077 ; # 1090 ; # 1089 ; # 1103 ; # 1086 ; # 1076 ; # 1085 ; # 1080 ; # 1084 ; # 1080 ; # 1079 ; # 1083 ; # 1091 ; # 1095 ; # 1096 ; # 1080 ; # 1093 ; # 1091 ; # 1085 ; # 1080 ; # 1074 ; # 1077 ; # 1088 ; # 1089 ; # 1080 ; # 1090 ; # 1077 ; # 1090 ; # 1086 ; # 1074 ; # 1084 ; # 1080 ; # 1088 ; # 1072 ; , # 1072 ; # 1090 ; # 1072 ; # 1082 ; # 1078 ; # 1077 ; # 1074 ; # 1077 ; # 1076 ; # 1091 ; # 1097 ; # 1080 ; # 1084 ; # 1091 ; # 1085 ; # 1080 ; # 1074 ; # 1077 ; # 1088 ; # 1089 ; # 1080 ; # 1090 ; # 1077 ; # 1090 ; # 1086 ; # 1084 ; # 1074 ; # 1045 ; # 1074 ; # 1088 ; # 1086 ; # 1087 ; # 1077 ; , # 1080 ; # 1079 ; # 1072 ; # 1085 ; # 1080 ; # 1084 ; # 1072 ; # 1077 ; # 1090 ; , # 1089 ; # 1054 ; # 1082 ; # 1089 ; # 1092 ; # 1086 ; # 1088 ; # 1076 ; # 1089 ; # 1082 ; # 1080 ; # 1084 ; # 1087 ; # 1077 ; # 1088 ; # 1074 ; # 1086 ; # 1077 ; # 1084 ; # 1077 ; # 1089 ; # 1090 ; # 1086 ; # 1074 ; # 1042 ; # 1077 ; # 1083 ; # 1080 ; # 1082 ; # 1086 ; # 1073 ; # 1088 ; # 1080 ; # 1090 ; # 1072 ; # 1085 ; # 1080 ; # 1080 ; . # 1060 ; # 1080 ; # 1083 ; # 1080 ; # 1072 ; # 1083 ; # 1099 ; # 1091 ; # 1085 ; # 1080 ; # 1074 ; # 1077 ; # 1088 ; # 1089 ; # 1080 ; # 1090 ; # 1077 ; # 1090 ; # 1072 ; # 1074 ; # 1099 ; # 1080 ; # 1075 ; # 1088 ; # 1072 ; # 1083 ; # 1080 ; # 1073 ; # 1086 ; # 1083 ; # 1100 ; # 1096 ; # 1077 ; # 1053 ; # 1086 ; # 1073 ; # 1077 ; # 1083 ; # 1077 ; # 1074 ; # 1089 ; # 1082 ; # 1080 ; # 1093 ; # 1087 ; # 1088 ; # 1077 ; # 1084 ; # 1080 ; # 1081 ; , # 1095 ; # 1077 ; # 1084 ; # 1083 ; # 1102 ; # 1073 ; # 1086 ; # 1081 ; # 1076 ; # 1088 ; # 1091 ; # 1075 ; # 1086 ; # 1081 ; # 1080 ; # 1085 ; # 1089 ; # 1090 ; # 1080 ; # 1090 ; # 1091 ; # 1090 ; # 1074 ; # 1084 ; # 1080 ; # 1088 ; # 1077 ; 88 # 1083 ; # 1072 ; # 1091 ; # 1088 ; # 1077 ; # 1072 ; # 1090 ; # 1086 ; # 1074 ; # 1053 ; # 1086 ; # 1073 ; # 1077 ; # 1083 ; # 1077 ; # 1074 ; # 1089 ; # 1082 ; # 1086 ; # 1081 ; # 1087 ; # 1088 ; # 1077 ; # 1084 ; # 1080 ; # 1080 ; # 1087 ; # 1086 ; # 1089 ; # 1086 ; # 1089 ; # 1090 ; # 1086 ; # 1103 ; # 1085 ; # 1080 ; # 1102 ; # 1085 ; # 1072 ; 4 # 1086 ; # 1082 ; # 1090 ; # 1103 ; # 1073 ; # 1088 ; # 1103 ; 2010 # 1075 ; # 1086 ; # 1076 ; # 1072 ; # 1087 ; # 1086 ; # 1089 ; # 1083 ; # 1077 ; # 1076 ; # 1085 ; # 1077 ; # 1081 ; # 1080 ; # 1079 ; # 1082 ; # 1086 ; # 1090 ; # 1086 ; # 1088 ; # 1099 ; # 1093 ; # 1056 ; # 1086 ; # 1073 ; # 1077 ; # 1088 ; # 1090 ; # 1044 ; # 1078 ; . # 1069 ; # 1076 ; # 1074 ; # 1072 ; # 1088 ; # 1076 ; # 1089 ; # 1087 ; # 1088 ; # 1077 ; # 10 84 ; # 1080 ; # 1103 ; # 1087 ; # 1086 ; # 1092 ; # 1080 ; # 1079 ; # 1080 ; # 1086 ; # 1083 ; # 1086 ; # 1075 ; # 1080 ; # 1080 ; # 1080 ; # 1084 ; # 1077 ; # 1076 ; # 1080 ; # 1094 ; # 1080 ; # 1085 ; # 1077 ; . # 1059 ; # 1085 ; # 1080 ; # 1074 ; # 1077 ; # 1088 ; # 1089 ; # 1080 ; # 1090 ; # 1077 ; # 1090 ; # 1103 ; # 1074 ; # 1083 ; # 1103 ; # 1077 ; # 1090 ; # 1089 ; # 1103 ; # 1095 ; # 1083 ; # 1077 ; # 1085 ; # 1086 ; # 1084 ; RussellGroup # 1080 ; # 1089 ; # 1089 ; # 1083 ; # 1077 ; # 1076 ; # 1086 ; # 1074 ; # 1072 ; # 1085 ; # 1080 ; # 1081 ; # 1087 ; # 1086 ; # 1076 ; # 1088 ; # 1091 ; # 1082 ; # 1086 ; # 1074 ; # 1086 ; # 1076 ; # 1089 ; # 1090 ; # 1074 ; # 1086 ; # 1084 ; # 1073 ; # 1088 ; # 1080 ; # 1090 ; # 1072 ; # 1085 ; # 1089 ; # 1082 ; # 1080 ; # 1093 ; # 1091 ; # 1085 ; # 1080 ; # 1074 ; # 1077 ; # 1088 ; # 1089 ; # 1080 ; # 1090 ; # 1077 ; # 1090 ; # 1086 ; # 1074 ; , CoimbraGroup # 1051 ; # 1080 ; # 1075 ; # 1080 ; # 1077 ; # 1074 ; # 1088 ; # 1086 ; # 1087 ; # 1077 ; # 1081 ; # 1089 ; # 1082 ; # 1080 ; # 1093 ; # 1080 ; # 1089 ; # 1089 ; # 1083 ; # 1077 ; # 1076 ; # 1086 ; # 1074 ; # 1072 ; # 1090 ; # 1077 ; # 1083 ; # 1100 ; # 1089 ; # 1082 ; # 1080 ; # 1093 ; # 1091 ; # 1085 ; # 1080 ; # 1074 ; # 1077 ; # 1088 ; # 1089 ; # 1080 ; # 1090 ; # 1077 ; # 1090 ; # 1086 ; # 1074 ; # 1080 ; # 1052 ; # 1077 ; # 1078 ; # 1076 ; # 1091 ; # 1085 ; # 1072 ; # 1088 ; # 1086 ; # 1076 ; # 1085 ; # 1099 ; # 1081 ; # 1072 ; # 1083 ; # 1100 ; # 1103 ; # 1085 ; # 1089 ; # 1080 ; # 1089 ; # 1089 ; # 1083 ; # 1077 ; # 1076 ; # 1086 ; # 1074 ; # 1072 ; # 1090 ; # 1077 ; # 1083 ; # 1100 ; # 1089 ; # 1082 ; # 1080 ; # 1093 ; # 1091 ; # 1085 ; # 1080 ; # 1074 ; # 1077 ; # 1088 ; # 1089 ; # 1080 ; # 1090 ; # 1077 ; # 1090 ; # 1086 ; # 1074 ; . # 1054 ; # 1085 ; # 1103 ; # 1074 ; # 1083 ; # 1103 ; # 1077 ; # 1090 ; # 1089 ; # 1103 ; # 1095 ; # 1072 ; # 1089 ; # 1090 ; # 1100 ; # 1102 ; # 1047 ; # 1086 ; # 1083 ; # 1086 ; # 1090 ; # 1086 ; # 1075 ; # 1086 ; # 1090 ; # 1088 ; # 1077 ; # 1091 ; # 1075 ; # 1086 ; # 1083 ; # 1100 ; # 1085 ; # 1080 ; # 1082 ; # 1072 ; # 1073 ; # 1088 ; # 1080 ; # 1090 ; # 1072 ; # 1085 ; # 1089 ; # 1082 ; # 1080 ; # 1093 ; # 1091 ; # 1085 ; # 1080 ; # 1074 ; # 1077 ; # 1088 ; # 1089 ; # 1080 ; # 1090 ; # 1077 ; # 1090 ; # 1086 ; # 1074 ; . # 1048 ; # 1089 ; # 1090 ; # 1086 ; # 1088 ; # 1080 ; # 1103 ; # 1057 ; # 1090 ; # 1072 ; # 1090 ; # 1091 ; # 1089 ; # 1050 ; # 1077 ; # 1084 ; # 1073 ; # 1088 ; # 1080 ; # 1076 ; # 1078 ; # 1072 ; # 1073 ; # 1099 ; # 1083 ; # 1091 ; # 1089 ; # 1090 ; # 1072 ; # 1085 ; # 1086 ; # 1074 ; # 1083 ; # 1077 ; # 1085 ; # 1091 ; # 1089 ; # 1090 ; # 1072 ; # 1074 ; # 1086 ; # 1084 ; # 1074 ; 1231 # 1075 ; # 1086 ; # 1076 ; # 1091 ; # 1082 ; # 1086 ; # 1088 ; # 1086 ; # 1083 ; # 1105 ; # 1084 ; # 1043 ; # 1077 ; # 1085 ; # 1088 ; # 1080 ; # 1093 ; # 1086 ; # 1084 ; III # 1080 ; # 1079 ; # 1040 ; # 1085 ; # 1075 ; # 1083 ; # 1080 ; # 1080 ; , # 1082 ; # 1086 ; # 1090 ; # 1086 ; # 1088 ; # 1099 ; # 1081 ; # 1087 ; # 1086 ; # 1083 ; # 1091 ; # 1095 ; # 1080 ; # 1083 ; IUS, # 1087 ; # 1088 ; # 1072 ; # 1074 ; # 1086 ; # 1085 ; # 1072 ; # 1076 ; # 1080 ; # 1089 ; # 1094 ; # 1080 ; # 1087 ; # 1083 ; # 1080 ; # 1085 ; # 1091 ; # 1089 ; # 1074 ; # 1086 ; # 1080 ; # 1093 ; # 1095 ; # 1083 ; # 1077 ; # 1085 ; # 1086 ; # 1074 ; , # 1072 ; # 1090 ; # 1072 ; # 1082 ; # 1078 ; # 1077 ; # 1085 ; # 1077 ; # 1082 ; # 1086 ; # 1090 ; # 1086 ; # 1088 ; # 1086 ; # 1077 ; # 1086 ; # 1089 ; # 1074 ; # 1086 ; # 1073 ; # 1086 ; # 1078 ; # 1076 ; # 1077 ; # 1085 ; # 1080 ; # 1077 ; # 1086 ; # 1090 ; # 1085 ; # 1072 ; # 1083 ; # 1086 ; # 1075 ; # 1086 ; # 1074 ; , # 1080 ; # 1073 ; # 1099 ; # 1082 ; # 1072 ; # 1074 ; 1233 # 1075 ; # 1086 ; # 1076 ; # 1091 ; # 1086 ; # 1090 ; # 1087 ; # 1072 ; # 1087 ; # 1099 ; # 1043 ; # 1088 ; # 1080 ; # 1075 ; # 1086 ; # 1088 ; # 1080 ; # 1103 ; IX, # 1082 ; # 1086 ; # 1090 ; # 1086 ; # 1088 ; # 1099 ; # 1081 ; # 1076 ; # 1072 ; # 1083 ; # 1074 ; # 1099 ; # 1087 ; # 1091 ; # 1089 ; # 1082 ; # 1085 ; # 1080 ; # 1082 ; # 1072 ; # 1084 ; # 1050 ; # 1077 ; # 1084 ; # 1073 ; # 1088 ; # 1080 ; # 1076 ; # 1078 ; # 1072 ; # 1087 ; # 108 8 ; # 1072 ; # 1074 ; # 1086 ; # 1087 ; # 1088 ; # 1077 ; # 1087 ; # 1086 ; # 1076 ; # 1072 ; # 1074 ; # 1072 ; # 1090 ; # 1100 ; # 1087 ; # 1086 ; # 1074 ; # 1089 ; # 1102 ; # 1076 ; # 1091 ; # 1074 ; # 1093 ; # 1088 ; # 1080 ; # 1089 ; # 1090 ; # 1080 ; # 1072 ; # 1085 ; # 1089 ; # 1082 ; # 1086 ; # 1084 ; # 1084 ; # 1080 ; # 1088 ; # 1077 ; . # 1054 ; # 1088 ; # 1075 ; # 1072 ; # 1085 ; # 1080 ; # 1079 ; # 1072 ; # 1094 ; # 1080 ; # 1103 ; # 1050 ; # 1077 ; # 1084 ; # 1073 ; # 1088 ; # 1080 ; # 1076 ; # 1078 ; # 1103 ; # 1074 ; # 1083 ; # 1103 ; # 1077 ; # 1090 ; # 1089 ; # 1103 ; # 1082 ; # 1086 ; # 1083 ; # 1083 ; # 1077 ; # 1075 ; # 1080 ; # 1072 ; # 1083 ; # 1100 ; # 1085 ; # 1099 ; # 1084 ; # 1091 ; # 1085 ; # 1080 ; # 1074 ; # 1077 ; # 1088 ; # 1089 ; # 1080 ; # 1090 ; # 1077 ; # 1090 ; # 1086 ; # 1084 ; , # 1086 ; # 1079 ; # 1085 ; # 1072 ; # 1095 ; # 1072 ; # 1077 ; # 1090 ; , # 1095 ; # 1090 ; # 1086 ; # 1086 ; # 1085 ; # 1089 ; # 1086 ; # 1089 ; # 1090 ; # 1086 ; # 1080 ; # 1090 ; # 1080 ; # 1079 ; # 1089 ; # 1072 ; # 1084 ; # 1086 ; # 1091 ; # 1087 ; # 1088 ; # 1072 ; # 1074 ; # 1083 ; # 1103 ; # 1102 ; # 1097 ; # 1080 ; # 1093 ; # 1089 ; # 1103 ; # 1080 ; # 1085 ; # 1077 ; # 1079 ; # 1072 ; # 1074 ; # 1080 ; # 1089 ; # 1080 ; # 1084 ; # 1099 ; # 1093 ; # 1082 ; # 1086 ; # 1083 ; # 1083 ; # 1077 ; # 1076 ; # 1 078 ; # 1077 ; # 1081 ; , # 1082 ; # 1072 ; # 1078 ; # 1076 ; # 1099 ; # 1081 ; # 1089 ; # 1086 ; # 1089 ; # 1074 ; # 1086 ; # 1080 ; # 1084 ; # 1089 ; # 1086 ; # 1073 ; # 1089 ; # 1090 ; # 1074 ; # 1077 ; # 1085 ; # 1085 ; # 1099 ; # 1084 ; # 1080 ; # 1084 ; # 1091 ; # 1097 ; # 1077 ; # 1089 ; # 1090 ; # 1074 ; # 1086 ; # 1084 ; # 1080 ; # 1076 ; # 1086 ; # 1093 ; # 1086 ; # 1076 ; # 1072 ; # 1084 ; # 1080 ; . # 1060 ; # 1072 ; # 1082 ; # 1091 ; # 1083 ; # 1100 ; # 1090 ; # 1077 ; # 1090 ; # 1099 ; # 1085 ; # 1077 ; # 1089 ; # 1091 ; # 1090 ; # 1086 ; # 1090 ; # 1074 ; # 1077 ; # 1090 ; # 1089 ; # 1090 ; # 1074 ; # 1077 ; # 1085 ; # 1085 ; # 1086 ; # 1089 ; # 1090 ; # 1100 ; # 1079 ; # 1072 ; # 1086 ; # 1073 ; # 1077 ; # 1089 ; # 1087 ; # 1077 ; # 1095 ; # 1077 ; # 1085 ; # 1080 ; # 1077 ; # 1090 ; # 1086 ; # 1075 ; # 1086 ; , # 1095 ; # 1090 ; # 1086 ; # 1073 ; # 1099 ; # 1095 ; # 1080 ; # 1090 ; # 1072 ; # 1083 ; # 1080 ; # 1089 ; # 1100 ; # 1083 ; # 1077 ; # 1082 ; # 1094 ; # 1080 ; # 1080 ; , # 1086 ; # 1088 ; # 1075 ; # 1072 ; # 1085 ; # 1080 ; # 1079 ; # 1086 ; # 1074 ; # 1099 ; # 1074 ; # 1072 ; # 1083 ; # 1080 ; # 1089 ; # 1100 ; # 1089 ; # 1077 ; # 1084 ; # 1080 ; # 1085 ; # 1072 ; # 1088 ; # 1099 ; , # 1087 ; # 1088 ; # 1086 ; # 1074 ; # 1086 ; # 1076 ; # 1080 ; # 1083 ; # 1080 ; # 1089 ; # 1100 ; # 1080 ; # 1089 ; # 1089 ; # 1083 ; # 1077 ; # 1076 ; # 1086 ; # 1074 ; # 1072 ; # 1085 ; # 1080 ; # 1103 ; # 1080 ; # 1086 ; # 1087 ; # 1088 ; # 1077 ; # 1076 ; # 1077 ; # 1083 ; # 1077 ; # 1085 ; # 1080 ; # 1103 ; # 1091 ; # 1095 ; # 1077 ; # 1073 ; # 1085 ; # 1099 ; # 1093 ; # 1087 ; # 1088 ; # 1086 ; # 1075 ; # 1088 ; # 1072 ; # 1084 ; # 1084 ; # 1076 ; # 1083 ; # 1103 ; # 1086 ; # 1073 ; # 1091 ; # 1095 ; # 1077 ; # 1085 ; # 1080 ; # 1103 ; , # 1087 ; # 1086 ; # 1076 ; # 1082 ; # 1086 ; # 1085 ; # 1090 ; # 1088 ; # 1086 ; # 1083 ; # 1077 ; # 1084 ; # 1043 ; # 1077 ; # 1085 ; # 1077 ; # 1088 ; # 1072 ; # 1083 ; # 1100 ; # 1085 ; # 1086 ; # 1075 ; # 1086 ; # 1089 ; # 1086 ; # 1074 ; # 1077 ; # 1090 ; # 1072 ; . # 1058 ; # 1072 ; # 1082 ; # 1080 ; # 1077 ; # 1086 ; # 1073 ; # 1098 ; # 1077 ; # 1082 ; # 1090 ; # 1099 ; , # 1082 ; # 1072 ; # 1082 ; # 1073 ; # 1080 ; # 1073 ; # 1083 ; # 1080 ; # 1086 ; # 1090 ; # 1077 ; # 1082 ; # 1080 ; # 1087 ; # 1088 ; # 1077 ; # 1076 ; # 1086 ; # 1089 ; # 1090 ; # 1072 ; # 1074 ; # 1083 ; # 1103 ; # 1102 ; # 1090 ; # 1089 ; # 1103 ; # 1085 ; # 1072 ; # 1074 ; # 1089 ; # 1077 ; # 1093 ; # 1101 ; # 1090 ; # 1080 ; # 1093 ; # 1091 ; # 1088 ; # 1086 ; # 1074 ; # 1085 ; # 1103 ; # 1093 ; : # 1086 ; # 1090 ; # 1091 ; # 1085 ; # 1080 ; # 1074 ; # 1077 ; # 1088 ; # 1089 ; # 1080 ; # 1090 ; # 1077 ; # 1090 ; # 1072 ; ( CambridgeUniversityLibrary ) , # 1074 ; # 1086 ; # 1090 ; # 1076 ; # 1077 ; # 1083 ; # 1099 ; ( # 1074 ; # 1077 ; # 1076 ; # 1086 ; # 1084 ; # 1089 ; # 1090 ; # 1074 ; # 1077 ; # 1085 ; # 1085 ; # 1099 ; # 1093 ; # 1073 ; # 1080 ; # 1073 ; # 1083 ; # 1080 ; # 1086 ; # 1090 ; # 1077 ; # 1082 ; , # 1090 ; # 1072 ; # 1082 ; # 1080 ; # 1093 ; # 1082 ; # 1072 ; # 1082 ; # 1057 ; # 1082 ; # 1074 ; # 1072 ; # 1081 ; # 1088 ; # 1070 ; # 1088 ; # 1080 ; # 1076 ; # 1080 ; # 1095 ; # 1077 ; # 1089 ; # 1082 ; # 1072 ; # 1103 ; # 1073 ; # 1080 ; # 1073 ; # 1083 ; # 1080 ; # 1086 ; # 1090 ; # 1077 ; # 1082 ; # 1072 ; ) , # 1080 ; # 1086 ; # 1090 ; # 1076 ; # 1077 ; # 1083 ; # 1100 ; # 1085 ; # 1099 ; # 1093 ; # 1082 ; # 1086 ; # 1083 ; # 1083 ; # 1077 ; # 1076 ; # 1078 ; # 1077 ; # 1081 ; . # 1050 ; # 1086 ; # 1083 ; # 1083 ; # 1077 ; # 1076 ; # 1078 ; # 1080 ; # 1042 ; # 1089 ; # 1077 ; # 1089 ; # 1090 ; # 1091 ; # 1076 ; # 1077 ; # 1085 ; # 1090 ; # 1099 ; # 1080 ; # 1084 ; # 1085 ; # 1086 ; # 1075 ; # 1080 ; # 1077 ; # 1080 ; # 1079 ; # 1091 ; # 1095 ; # 1077 ; # 1085 ; # 1099 ; # 1093 ; # 1087 ; # 1088 ; # 1080 ; # 1077 ; # 1079 ; # 1078 ; # 1072 ; # 1102 ; # 1090 ; # 1074 ; # 1082 ; # 1086 ; # 1083 ; # 1083 ; # 1077 ; # 1076 ; # 1078 ; # 1080 ; , # 1075 ; # 1076 ; # 1077 ; # 1086 ; # 1085 ; # 1080 ; # 1086 ; # 1073 ; # 1097 ; # 1072 ; # 1102 ; # 1090 ; # 1089 ; # 1103 ; . # 1069 ; # 1090 ; # 1086 ; # 1084 ; # 1077 ; # 1089 ; # 1090 ; # 1086 ; , # 1075 ; # 1076 ; # 1077 ; # 1089 ; # 1090 ; # 1091 ; # 1076 ; # 1077 ; # 1085 ; # 1090 ; # 1099 ; # 1086 ; # 1073 ; # 1098 ; # 1077 ; # 1076 ; # 1080 ; # 1085 ; # 1103 ; # 1102 ; # 1090 ; # 1089 ; # 1103 ; # 1074 ; # 1084 ; # 1072 ; # 1083 ; # 1099 ; # 1077 ; # 1075 ; # 1088 ; # 1091 ; # 1087 ; # 1087 ; # 1099 ; # 1076 ; # 1083 ; # 1103 ; # 1091 ; # 1095 ; # 1077 ; # 1085 ; # 1080 ; # 1077 ; # 1089 ; # 1077 ; # 1089 ; # 1089 ; # 1080 ; # 1080 ; . # 1050 ; # 1072 ; # 1078 ; # 1076 ; # 1099 ; # 1081 ; # 1082 ; # 1086 ; # 1083 ; # 1083 ; # 1077 ; # 1076 ; # 1078 ; # 1085 ; # 1072 ; # 1079 ; # 1085 ; # 1072 ; # 1095 ; # 1072 ; # 1077 ; # 1090 ; # 1089 ; # 1074 ; # 1086 ; # 1081 ; # 1087 ; # 1077 ; # 1088 ; # 1089 ; # 1086 ; # 1085 ; # 1072 ; # 1083 ; # 1080 ; # 1086 ; # 1073 ; # 1091 ; # 1095 ; # 1077 ; # 1085 ; # 1080 ; # 1077 ; # 1089 ; # 1090 ; # 1080 ; # 1087 ; # 1077 ; # 1085 ; # 1076 ; # 1080 ; # 1072 ; # 1090 ; # 1086 ; # 1074 ; # 1087 ; # 1086 ; # 1082 ; # 1072 ; # 1078 ; # 1076 ; # 1086 ; # 1084 ; # 1091 ; # 1087 ; # 1088 ; # 1077 ; # 1076 ; # 1084 ; # 1077 ; # 1090 ; # 1091 ; , # 1088 ; # 1077 ; # 1096 ; # 1072 ; # 1077 ; # 1090 ; , # 1082 ; # 1072 ; # 1082 ; # 1080 ; # 1077 ; # 1089 ; # 1090 ; # 1091 ; # 1076 ; # 1077 ; # 1085 ; # 1090 ; # 1099 ; # 1073 ; # 1091 ; # 1076 ; # 1091 ; # 1090 ; # 1087 ; # 1088 ; # 1080 ; # 1079 ; # 1085 ; # 1072 ; # 1085 ; # 1099 ; , # 1074 ; # 1089 ; # 1086 ; # 1086 ; # 1090 ; # 1074 ; # 1077 ; # 1090 ; # 1089 ; # 1090 ; # 1074 ; # 1080 ; # 1080 ; # 1089 ; # 1091 ; # 1085 ; # 1080 ; # 1074 ; # 1077 ; # 1088 ; # 1089 ; # 1080 ; # 1090 ; # 1077 ; # 1090 ; # 1089 ; # 1082 ; # 1080 ; # 1084 ; # 1080 ; # 1087 ; # 1088 ; # 1072 ; # 1074 ; # 1080 ; # 1083 ; # 1072 ; # 1084 ; # 1080 ; ; # 1086 ; # 1073 ; # 1077 ; # 1089 ; # 1087 ; # 1077 ; # 1095 ; # 1080 ; # 1074 ; # 1072 ; # 1077 ; # 1090 ; # 1085 ; # 1077 ; # 1073 ; # 1086 ; # 1083 ; # 1100 ; # 1096 ; # 1086 ; # 1081 ; # 1075 ; # 1088 ; # 1091 ; # 1087 ; # 1087 ; # 1077 ; # 1086 ; # 1073 ; # 1091 ; # 1095 ; # 1077 ; # 1085 ; # 1080 ; # 1103 ; # 1089 ; # 1077 ; # 1089 ; # 108 9 ; # 1080 ; # 1081 ; # 1076 ; # 1083 ; # 1103 ; # 1089 ; # 1090 ; # 1091 ; # 1076 ; # 1077 ; # 1085 ; # 1090 ; # 1086 ; # 1074 ; , # 1072 ; # 1090 ; # 1072 ; # 1082 ; # 1078 ; # 1077 ; # 1085 ; # 1077 ; # 1089 ; # 1077 ; # 1090 ; # 1086 ; # 1090 ; # 1074 ; # 1077 ; # 1090 ; # 1089 ; # 1090 ; # 1074 ; # 1077 ; # 1085 ; # 1085 ; # 1086 ; # 1089 ; # 1090 ; # 1100 ; # 1079 ; # 1072 ; # 1074 ; # 1085 ; # 1091 ; # 1090 ; # 1088 ; # 1077 ; # 1085 ; # 1085 ; # 1080 ; # 1077 ; # 1084 ; # 1077 ; # 1093 ; # 1072 ; # 1085 ; # 1080 ; # 1079 ; # 1084 ; # 1099 ; # 1080 ; # 1073 ; # 1083 ; # 1072 ; # 1075 ; # 1086 ; # 1089 ; # 1086 ; # 1089 ; # 1090 ; # 1086 ; # 1103 ; # 1085 ; # 1080 ; # 1077 ; # 1089 ; # 1074 ; # 1086 ; # 1080 ; # 1093 ; # 1089 ; # 1086 ; # 1073 ; # 1089 ; # 1090 ; # 1074 ; # 1077 ; # 1085 ; # 1085 ; # 1099 ; # 1093 ; # 1089 ; # 1090 ; # 1091 ; # 1076 ; # 1077 ; # 1085 ; # 1090 ; # 1086 ; # 1074 ; , # 1074 ; # 1099 ; # 1087 ; # 1091 ; # 1089 ; # 1082 ; # 1085 ; # 1080 ; # 1082 ; # 1086 ; # 1074 ; , # 1087 ; # 1086 ; # 1089 ; # 1083 ; # 1077 ; # 1079 ; # 1072 ; # 1097 ; # 1080 ; # 1090 ; # 1099 ; # 1076 ; # 1086 ; # 1082 ; # 1090 ; # 1086 ; # 1088 ; # 1089 ; # 1082 ; # 1086 ; # 1081 ; # 1080 ; # 1089 ; # 1089 ; # 1083 ; # 1077 ; # 1076 ; # 1086 ; # 1074 ; # 1072 ; # 1090 ; # 1077 ; # 1083 ; # 1077 ; # 1081 ; , # 1080 ; # 1089 ; # 1086 ; # 1090 ; # 1088 ; # 1091 ; # 1076 ; # 1085 ; # 1080 ; # 1082 ; # 1086 ; # 1074 ; # 1074 ; # 1094 ; # 1077 ; # 1083 ; # 1086 ; # 1084 ; . # 1050 ; # 1077 ; # 1084 ; # 1073 ; # 1088 ; # 1080 ; # 1076 ; # 1078 ; # 1089 ; # 1082 ; # 1080 ; # 1081 ; # 1091 ; # 1085 ; # 1080 ; # 1074 ; # 1077 ; # 1088 ; # 1089 ; # 1080 ; # 1090 ; # 1077 ; # 1090 ; # 1074 ; # 1085 ; # 1072 ; # 1089 ; # 1090 ; # 1086 ; # 1103 ; # 1097 ; # 1077 ; # 1077 ; # 1074 ; # 1088 ; # 1077 ; # 1084 ; # 1103 ; # 1080 ; # 1084 ; # 1077 ; # 1077 ; # 1090 ; 31 # 1082 ; # 1086 ; # 1083 ; # 1083 ; # 1077 ; # 1076 ; # 1078 ; # 1077 ; # 1081 ; , # 1080 ; # 1079 ; # 1082 ; # 1086 ; # 1090 ; # 1086 ; # 1088 ; # 1099 ; # 1093 ; # 1090 ; # 1088 ; # 1080 ; , # 1052 ; # 1102 ; # 1088 ; # 1088 ; # 1077 ; # 1081 ; # 1069 ; # 1076 ; # 1074 ; # 1072 ; # 1088 ; # 1076 ; # 1089 ; , # 1053 ; # 1100 ; # 1102 ; # 1085 ; # 1093 ; # 1077 ; # 1084 ; # 1080 ; # 1051 ; # 1102 ; # 1089 ; # 1080 ; # 1050 ; # 1072 ; # 1074 ; # 1077 ; # 1085 ; # 1076 ; # 1080 ; # 1096 ; , # 1076 ; # 1086 ; # 1087 ; # 1091 ; # 1089 ; # 1082 ; # 1072 ; # 1102 ; # 1090 ; # 1090 ; # 1086 ; # 1083 ; # 1100 ; # 1082 ; # 1086 ; # 1078 ; # 1077 ; # 1085 ; # 1097 ; # 1080 ; # 1085 ; # 1099 ; . # 1044 ; # 1088 ; # 1091 ; # 1075 ; # 1080 ; # 1077 ; # 1082 ; # 1086 ; # 1083 ; # 1083 ; # 1077 ; # 1076 ; # 1078 ; # 1080 ; # 1089 ; # 1084 ; # 1077 ; # 1096 ; # 1072 ; # 1085 ; # 1099 ; , # 1093 ; # 1086 ; # 1090 ; # 1103 ; # 1073 ; # 1086 ; # 1083 ; # 1100 ; # 1096 ; # 1080 ; # 1085 ; # 1089 ; # 1090 ; # 1074 ; # 1086 ; # 1080 ; # 1079 ; # 1085 ; # 1080 ; # 1093 ; # 1080 ; # 1079 ; # 1085 ; # 1072 ; # 1095 ; # 1072 ; # 1083 ; # 1100 ; # 1085 ; # 1086 ; # 1076 ; # 1083 ; # 1103 ; # 1084 ; # 1091 ; # 1078 ; # 1095 ; # 1080 ; # 1085 ; . # 1044 ; # 1072 ; # 1088 ; # 1074 ; # 1080 ; # 1085 ; # 1073 ; # 1099 ; # 1083 ; # 1087 ; # 1077 ; # 1088 ; # 1074 ; # 1099 ; # 1081 ; # 1082 ; # 1086 ; # 1083 ; # 1083 ; # 1077 ; # 1076 ; # 1078 ; # 1074 ; # 1082 ; # 1086 ; # 1090 ; # 1086 ; # 1088 ; # 1086 ; # 1084 ; # 1091 ; # 1095 ; # 1080 ; # 1083 ; # 1080 ; # 1089 ; # 1100 ; # 1084 ; # 1091 ; # 1078 ; # 1095 ; # 1080 ; # 1085 ; # 1099 ; # 1080 ; # 1078 ; # 1077 ; # 1085 ; # 1097 ; # 1080 ; # 1085 ; # 1099 ; , # 1074 ; # 1090 ; # 1086 ; # 1074 ; # 1088 ; # 1077 ; # 1084 ; # 1103 ; # 1063 ; # 1077 ; # 1088 ; # 1095 ; # 1080 ; # 1083 ; # 1083 ; # 1100 ; , # 1050 ; # 1083 ; # 1101 ; # 1088 ; # 1073 ; # 1099 ; # 1083 ; # 1080 ; # 1087 ; # 1077 ; # 1088 ; # 1074 ; # 1099 ; # 1084 ; # 1080 ; # 1084 ; # 1091 ; # 1078 ; # 1089 ; # 1082 ; # 1080 ; # 1084 ; # 1080 ; # 1082 ; # 1086 ; # 1083 ; # 1083 ; # 1077 ; # 1076 ; # 1078 ; # 1072 ; # 1084 ; # 1080 ; , # 1085 ; # 1086 ; # 1087 ; # 1088 ; # 1080 ; # 1079 ; # 1085 ; # 1072 ; # 1083 ; # 1080 ; # 1078 ; # 1077 ; # 1085 ; # 1097 ; # 1080 ; # 1085 ; # 1089 ; # 1090 ; # 1091 ; # 1076 ; # 1077 ; # 1085 ; # 1090 ; # 1086 ; # 1074 ; # 1074 ; 1972 # 1075 ; # 1086 ; # 1076 ; # 1091 ; . # 1052 ; # 1072 ; # 1075 ; # 1076 ; # 1072 ; # 1083 ; # 1080 ; # 1085 ; # 1072 ; # 1073 ; # 1099 ; # 1083 ; # 1087 ; # 1086 ; # 1089 ; # 1083 ; # 1077 ; # 1076 ; # 1085 ; # 1080 ; # 1081 ; # 1084 ; # 1091 ; # 1078 ; # 1089 ; # 1082 ; # 1086 ; # 1081 ; # 1082 ; # 1086 ; # 1083 ; # 1083 ; # 1077 ; # 1076 ; # 1078 ; , # 1080 ; # 1089 ; # 1090 ; # 1072 ; # 1083 ; # 1089 ; # 1084 ; # 1077 ; # 1096 ; # 1072 ; # 1085 ; # 1085 ; # 1099 ; # 1084 ; # 1074 ; 1988 # 1075 ; # 1086 ; # 1076 ; # 1091 ; . # 1042 ; # 1050 ; # 1083 ; # 1101 ; # 1088 ; # 1061 ; # 1086 ; # 1083 ; # 1083 ; # 1080 ; # 1044 ; # 1072 ; # 1088 ; # 1074 ; # 1080 ; # 1085 ; # 1076 ; # 1086 ; # 1087 ; # 1091 ; # 1089 ; # 1082 ; # 1072 ; # 1102 ; # 1090 ; # 1089 ; # 1103 ; # 1090 ; # 1086 ; # 1083 ; # 1100 ; # 1082 ; # 1086 ; # 1072 ; # 1089 ; # 1087 ; # 1080 ; # 1088 ; # 1072 ; # 1085 ; # 1090 ; # 1099 ; , # 1080 ; # 1061 ; # 1100 ; # 1102 ; # 1079 ; # 1061 ; # 1086 ; # 1083 ; # 1083 ; , # 1051 ; # 1102 ; # 1089 ; # 1080 ; # 1050 ; # 1072 ; # 1074 ; # 1077 ; # 1085 ; # 1076 ; # 1080 ; # 1096 ; , # 1057 ; # 1072 ; # 1085 ; # 1082 ; # 1090 ; # 1069 ; # 1076 ; # 1084 ; # 1091 ; # 1085 ; # 1076 ; # 1080 ; # 1042 ; # 1091 ; # 1083 ; # 1092 ; # 1089 ; # 1086 ; # 1085 ; # 1087 ; # 1088 ; # 1080 ; # 1079 ; # 1085 ; # 1072 ; # 1102 ; # 1090 ; onlymature ( # 1090 ; . # 1077 ; . # 1086 ; # 1090 ; 21 # 1083 ; # 1077 ; # 1090 ; # 1080 ; # 1089 ; # 1090 ; # 1072 ; # 1088 ; # 1096 ; # 1077 ; ) # 1089 ; # 1090 ; # 1091 ; # 1076 ; # 1077 ; # 1085 ; # 1090 ; # 1086 ; # 1074 ; , # 1074 ; # 1090 ; # 1086 ; # 1084 ; # 1095 ; # 1080 ; # 1089 ; # 1083 ; # 1077 ; # 1072 ; # 1089 ; # 1087 ; # 1080 ; # 1088 ; # 1072 ; # 1085 ; # 1090 ; # 1086 ; # 1074 ; . # 1042 ; # 1089 ; # 1077 ; # 1076 ; # 1088 ; # 1091 ; # 1075 ; # 1080 ; # 1077 ; # 1082 ; # 1086 ; # 1083 ; # 1083 ; # 1077 ; # 1076 ; # 1078 ; # 1080 ; # 1073 ; # 1077 ; # 1079 ; # 1074 ; # 1086 ; # 1079 ; # 1088 ; # 1072 ; # 1089 ; # 1090 ; # 1085 ; # 1099 ; # 1093 ; # 1086 ; # 1075 ; # 1088 ; # 1072 ; # 1085 ; # 1080 ; # 1095 ; # 1077 ; # 1085 ; # 1080 ; # 1081 ; . # 1050 ; # 1086 ; # 1083 ; # 1083 ; # 1077 ; # 1076 ; # 1078 ; # 1080 ; # 1085 ; # 1077 ; # 1086 ; # 1073 ; # 1103 ; # 1079 ; # 1072 ; # 1085 ; # 1099 ; # 1087 ; # 1088 ; # 1080 ; # 1085 ; # 1080 ; # 1084 ; # 1072 ; # 1090 ; # 1100 ; # 1089 ; # 1090 ; # 1091 ; # 1076 ; # 1077 ; # 1085 ; # 1090 ; # 1086 ; # 1074 ; # 1087 ; # 1086 ; # 1074 ; # 1089 ; # 1077 ; # 1084 ; # 1087 ; # 1088 ; # 1077 ; # 1076 ; # 1084 ; # 1077 ; # 1090 ; # 1072 ; # 1084 ; , # 1074 ; # 1085 ; # 1077 ; # 1082 ; # 1086 ; # 1090 ; # 1086 ; # 1088 ; # 1099 ; # 1093 ; # 1082 ; # 1086 ; # 1083 ; # 1083 ; # 1077 ; # 1076 ; # 1078 ; # 1072 ; # 1093 ; # 1085 ; # 1077 ; # 1087 ; # 1088 ; # 1077 ; # 1076 ; # 1083 ; # 1072 ; # 1075 ; # 1072 ; # 1102 ; # 1090 ; # 1090 ; # 1072 ; # 1082 ; # 1080 ; # 1093 ; # 1087 ; # 1088 ; # 1077 ; # 1076 ; # 1084 ; # 1077 ; # 1090 ; # 1086 ; # 1074 ; , # 1082 ; # 1072 ; # 1082 ; # 1072 ; # 1088 ; # 1093 ; # 1080 ; # 1090 ; # 1077 ; # 1082 ; # 1090 ; # 1091 ; # 1088 ; # 1072 ; , # 1080 ; # 1089 ; # 1090 ; # 1086 ; # 1088 ; # 1080 ; # 1103 ; # 1080 ; # 1089 ; # 1082 ; # 1091 ; # 1089 ; # 1089 ; # 1090 ; # 1074 ; # 1080 ; # 1090 ; # 1077 ; # 1086 ; # 1083 ; # 1086 ; # 1075 ; # 1080 ; # 1080 ; , # 1085 ; # 1086 ; # 1073 ; # 1086 ; # 1083 ; # 1100 ; # 1096 ; # 1080 ; # 1085 ; # 1089 ; # 1090 ; # 1074 ; # 1086 ; # 1087 ; # 1088 ; # 1077 ; # 1076 ; # 1083 ; # 1072 ; # 1075 ; # 1072 ; # 1102 ; # 1090 ; # 1087 ; # 1086 ; # 1095 ; # 1090 ; # 1080 ; # 1087 ; # 1086 ; # 1083 ; # 1085 ; # 1099 ; # 1081 ; # 1072 ; # 1089 ; # 1089 ; # 1086 ; # 1088 ; # 1090 ; # 1080 ; # 1084 ; # 1077 ; # 1085 ; # 1090 ; . # 1053 ; # 1077 ; # 1082 ; # 1086 ; # 1090 ; # 1086 ; # 1088 ; # 1099 ; # 1077 ; # 1082 ; # 1086 ; # 1083 ; # 1083 ; # 1077 ; # 1076 ; # 1078 ; # 1080 ; # 1089 ; # 1086 ; # 1093 ; # 1088 ; # 1072 ; # 1085 ; # 1080 ; # 1083 ; # 1080 ; # 1089 ; # 1082 ; # 1083 ; # 1086 ; # 1085 ; # 1085 ; # 1086 ; # 1089 ; # 1090 ; # 1100 ; # 1082 ; # 1086 ; # 1087 ; # 1088 ; # 1077 ; # 1076 ; # 1077 ; # 1083 ; # 1077 ; # 1085 ; # 1085 ; # 1099 ; # 1084 ; # 1087 ; # 1088 ; # 1077 ; # 1076 ; # 1084 ; # 1077 ; # 1090 ; # 1072 ; # 1084 ; , # 1085 ; # 1072 ; # 1087 ; # 1088 ; # 1080 ; # 1084 ; # 1077 ; # 1088 ; , # 1089 ; # 1063 ; # 1077 ; # 1088 ; # 1095 ; # 1080 ; # 1083 ; # 1083 ; # 1077 ; # 1084 ; # 1089 ; # 1082 ; # 1083 ; # 1086 ; # 1085 ; # 1103 ; # 1077 ; # 1090 ; # 1089 ; # 1103 ; # 1082 ; # 1085 ; # 1072 ; # 1091 ; # 1082 ; # 1072 ; # 1084 ; # 1080 ; # 1090 ; # 1077 ; # 1093 ; # 1085 ; # 1080 ; # 1082 ; # 1077 ; , # 1074 ; # 1090 ; # 1086 ; # 1074 ; # 1088 ; # 1077 ; # 1084 ; # 1103 ; # 1082 ; # 1072 ; # 1082 ; # 1076 ; # 1088 ; # 1091 ; # 1075 ; # 1080 ; # 1077 ; , # 1090 ; # 1072 ; # 1082 ; # 1080 ; # 1077 ; # 1082 ; # 1072 ; # 1082 ; # 1057 ; # 1072 ; # 1085 ; # 1082 ; # 1090 ; # 1050 ; # 1072 ; # 1090 ; # 1072 ; # 1088 ; # 1080 ; # 1085 ; # 1072 ; # 1089 ; # 1073 ; # 1072 ; # 1083 ; # 1072 ; # 1085 ; # 1089 ; # 1080 ; # 1088 ; # 1086 ; # 1074 ; # 1072 ; # 1085 ; # 1099 ; . # 1062 ; # 1077 ; # 1085 ; # 1099 ; # 1076 ; # 1083 ; # 1103 ; # 1089 ; # 1090 ; # 1091 ; # 1076 ; # 1077 ; # 1085 ; # 1090 ; # 1086 ; # 1074 ; ( # 1087 ; # 1088 ; # 1086 ; # 1078 ; # 1080 ; # 1074 ; # 1072 ; # 1085 ; # 1080 ; # 1077 ; # 1080 ; # 1094 ; # 1077 ; # 1085 ; # 1099 ; # 1085 ; # 1072 ; # 1087 ; # 1088 ; # 1086 ; # 1076 ; # 1091 ; # 1082 ; # 1090 ; # 1099 ; # 1087 ; # 1080 ; # 1090 ; # 1072 ; # 1085 ; # 1080 ; # 1103 ; ) # 1079 ; # 1085 ; # 1072 ; # 1095 ; # 1080 ; # 1090 ; # 1077 ; # 1083 ; # 1100 ; # 1085 ; # 1086 ; # 1086 ; # 1090 ; # 1083 ; # 1080 ; # 1095 ; # 1072 ; # 1102 ; # 1090 ; # 1089 ; # 1103 ; # 1086 ; # 1090 ; # 1082 ; # 1086 ; # 1083 ; # 1083 ; # 1077 ; # 1076 ; # 1078 ; # 1072 ; # 1074 ; # 1082 ; # 1086 ; # 1083 ; # 1083 ; # 1077 ; # 1076 ; # 1078 ; # 1077 ; . # 1045 ; # 1089 ; # 1090 ; # 1100 ; # 1090 ; # 1072 ; # 1082 ; # 1078 ; # 1077 ; # 1085 ; # 1077 ; # 1089 ; # 1082 ; # 1086 ; # 1083 ; # 1100 ; # 1082 ; # 1086 ; # 1073 ; # 1086 ; # 1075 ; # 1086 ; # 1089 ; # 1083 ; # 1086 ; # 1074 ; # 1089 ; # 1082 ; # 1080 ; # 1093 ; # 1082 ; # 1086 ; # 1083 ; # 1083 ; # 1077 ; # 1076 ; # 1078 ; # 1077 ; # 1081 ; # 1074 ; # 1050 ; # 1077 ; # 1084 ; # 1073 ; # 1088 ; # 1080 ; # 1076 ; # 1078 ; # 1077 ; , # 1074 ; # 1090 ; # 1086 ; # 1084 ; # 1095 ; # 1080 ; # 1089 ; # 1083 ; # 1077 ; # 1059 ; # 1101 ; # 1089 ; # 1090 ; # 1082 ; # 1086 ; # 1090 ; # 1090 ; # 1044 ; # 1086 ; # 1084 ; , # 1042 ; # 1077 ; # 1089 ; # 1090 ; # 1084 ; # 1080 ; # 1085 ; # 1089 ; # 1090 ; # 1077 ; # 1088 ; # 1089 ; # 1082 ; # 1080 ; # 1081 ; # 1082 ; # 1086 ; # 1083 ; # 1083 ; # 1077 ; # 1076 ; # 1078 ; # 1080 ; # 1056 ; # 1080 ; # 1076 ; # 1083 ; # 1080 ; # 1079 ; # 1072 ; # 1083 ; # 1077 ; # 1090 ; # 1077 ; # 1086 ; # 1083 ; # 1086 ; # 1075 ; # 1080 ; # 1095 ; # 1077 ; # 1089 ; # 1082 ; # 1086 ; # 1075 ; # 1086 ; # 1082 ; # 1086 ; # 1083 ; # 1083 ; # 1077 ; # 1076 ; # 1078 ; # 1072 ; , # 1082 ; # 1086 ; # 1090 ; # 1086 ; # 1088 ; # 1099 ; # 1077 ; # 1074 ; # 1093 ; # 1086 ; # 1076 ; # 1103 ; # 1090 ; # 1074 ; # 1089 ; # 1086 ; # 1089 ; # 1090 ; # 1072 ; # 1074 ; # 1091 ; # 1085 ; # 1080 ; # 1074 ; # 1077 ; # 1088 ; # 1089 ; # 1080 ; # 1090 ; # 1077 ; # 1090 ; # 1072 ; # 1080 ; # 1103 ; # 1074 ; # 1083 ; # 1103 ; # 1102 ; # 1090 ; # 1089 ; # 1103 ; # 1095 ; # 1083 ; # 1077 ; # 1085 ; # 1072 ; # 1084 ; # 1080 ; # 1050 ; # 1077 ; # 1084 ; # 1073 ; # 1088 ; # 1080 ; # 1076 ; # 1078 ; # 1044 ; # 1091 ; # 1093 ; # 1086 ; # 1074 ; # 1085 ; # 1086 ; # 1081 ; # 1060 ; # 1077 ; # 1076 ; # 1077 ; # 1088 ; # 1072 ; # 1094 ; # 1080 ; # 1080 ; . # 1055 ; # 1088 ; # 1077 ; # 1087 ; # 1086 ; # 1076 ; # 1072 ; # 1074 ; # 1072 ; # 1085 ; # 1080 ; # 1077 ; # 1054 ; # 1089 ; # 1085 ; # 1086 ; # 1074 ; # 1085 ; # 1099 ; # 1084 ; # 1084 ; # 1077 ; # 1090 ; # 1086 ; # 1076 ; # 1086 ; # 1084 ; # 1086 ; # 1073 ; # 1091 ; # 1095 ; # 1077 ; # 1085 ; # 1080 ; # 1103 ; # 1074 ; # 1082 ; # 1086 ; # 1083 ; # 1083 ; # 1077 ; # 1076 ; # 1078 ; # 1072 ; # 1093 ; # 1050 ; # 1077 ; # 1084 ; # 1073 ; # 1088 ; # 1080 ; # 1076 ; # 1078 ; # 1085 ; # 1072 ; # 1076 ; # 1079 ; # 1086 ; # 1088 ; . # 1069 ; # 1090 ; # 1086 ; , # 1082 ; # 1072 ; # 1082 ; # 1087 ; # 1088 ; # 1072 ; # 1074 ; # 1080 ; # 1083 ; # 1086 ; , # 1077 ; # 1078 ; # 1077 ; # 1085 ; # 1077 ; # 1076 ; # 1077 ; # 1083 ; # 1100 ; # 1085 ; # 1086 ; # 1095 ; # 1072 ; # 1089 ; # 1086 ; # 1074 ; # 1099 ; # 1077 ; # 1089 ; # 1077 ; # 1072 ; # 1085 ; # 1089 ; # 1099 ; , # 1074 ; # 1082 ; # 1086 ; # 1090 ; # 1086 ; # 1088 ; # 1099 ; # 1093 ; # 1085 ; # 1077 ; # 1073 ; # 1086 ; # 1083 ; # 1100 ; # 1096 ; # 1080 ; # 1077 ; # 1075 ; # 1088 ; # 1091 ; # 1087 ; # 1087 ; # 1099 ; # 1089 ; # 1090 ; # 1091 ; # 1076 ; # 1077 ; # 1085 ; # 1090 ; # 1086 ; # 1074 ; # 1082 ; # 1072 ; # 1082 ; # 1087 ; # 1088 ; # 1072 ; # 1074 ; # 1080 ; # 1083 ; # 1086 ; , # 1086 ; # 1090 ; # 1086 ; # 1076 ; # 1085 ; # 1086 ; # 1075 ; # 1086 ; # 1076 ; # 1086 ; # 1090 ; # 1088 ; # 1077 ; # 1093 ; # 1074 ; # 1089 ; # 1090 ; # 1088 ; # 1077 ; # 1095 ; # 1072 ; # 1102 ; # 1090 ; # 1089 ; # 1103 ; # 1089 ; # 1095 ; # 1083 ; # 1077 ; # 1085 ; # 1072 ; # 1084 ; # 1080 ; # 1087 ; # 1088 ; # 1086 ; # 1092 ; # 1077 ; # 1089 ; # 1089 ; # 1086 ; # 1088 ; # 1089 ; # 1082 ; # 1086 ; # 1087 ; # 1088 ; # 1077 ; # 1087 ; # 1086 ; # 1076 ; # 1072 ; # 1074 ; # 1072 ; # 1090 ; # 1077 ; # 1083 ; # 1100 ; # 1089 ; # 1082 ; # 1086 ; # 1075 ; # 1086 ; # 1089 ; # 1086 ; # 1089 ; # 1090 ; # 1072 ; # 1074 ; # 1072 ; # 1091 ; # 1085 ; # 1080 ; # 1074 ; # 1077 ; # 1088 ; # 1089 ; # 1080 ; # 1090 ; # 1077 ; # 1090 ; # 1072 ; # 1080 ; # 1083 ; # 1080 ; # 1076 ; # 1077 ; # 1082 ; # 1086 ; # 1085 ; # 1072 ; # 1090 ; # 1072 ; . # 1057 ; # 1090 ; # 1091 ; # 1076 ; # 1077 ; # 1085 ; # 1090 ; # 1099 ; , # 1082 ; # 1072 ; # 1082 ; # 1087 ; # 1088 ; # 1072 ; # 1074 ; # 1080 ; # 1083 ; # 1086 ; , # 1085 ; # 1077 ; # 1086 ; # 1073 ; # 1093 ; # 1086 ; # 1076 ; # 1080 ; # 1084 ; # 1086 ; # 1076 ; # 1083 ; # 1103 ; # 1079 ; # 1072 ; # 1074 ; # 1077 ; # 1088 ; # 1096 ; # 1077 ; # 1085 ; # 1080 ; # 1103 ; # 1101 ; # 1089 ; # 1089 ; # 1077 ; # 1080 ; # 1083 ; # 1080 ; # 1085 ; # 1072 ; # 1079 ; # 1085 ; # 1072 ; # 1095 ; # 1077 ; # 1085 ; # 1080 ; # 1103 ; # 1076 ; # 1086 ; # 1085 ; # 1072 ; # 1076 ; # 1079 ; # 1086 ; # 1088 ; # 1072 ; , # 1082 ; # 1086 ; # 1090 ; # 1086 ; # 1088 ; # 1099 ; # 1077 ; # 1086 ; # 1085 ; # 1080 ; # 1073 ; # 1091 ; # 1076 ; # 1091 ; # 1090 ; # 1086 ; # 1073 ; # 1089 ; # 1091 ; # 1078 ; # 1076 ; # 1072 ; # 1090 ; # 1100 ; # 1089 ; # 1088 ; # 1091 ; # 1082 ; # 1086 ; # 1074 ; # 1086 ; # 1076 ; # 1080 ; # 1090 ; # 1077 ; # 1083 ; # 1077 ; # 1084 ; # 1074 ; # 1093 ; # 1086 ; # 1076 ; # 1077 ; # 1089 ; # 1077 ; # 1089 ; # 1089 ; # 1080 ; # 1080 ; , # 1072 ; # 1090 ; # 1072 ; # 1082 ; # 1078 ; # 1077 ; # 1083 ; # 1102 ; # 1073 ; # 1099 ; # 1077 ; # 1087 ; # 1088 ; # 1086 ; # 1073 ; # 1083 ; # 1077 ; # 1084 ; # 1099 ; # 1080 ; # 1083 ; # 1080 ; # 1090 ; # 1088 ; # 1091 ; # 1076 ; # 1085 ; # 1086 ; # 1089 ; # 1090 ; # 1080 ; , # 1082 ; # 1086 ; # 1090 ; # 1086 ; # 1088 ; # 1099 ; # 1077 ; # 1086 ; # 1085 ; # 1080 ; # 1080 ; # 1084 ; # 1077 ; # 1083 ; # 1080 ; # 1089 ; # 1084 ; # 1072 ; # 1090 ; # 1077 ; # 1088 ; # 1080 ; # 1072 ; # 1083 ; # 1072 ; # 1084 ; # 1080 ; , # 1087 ; # 1088 ; # 1077 ; # 1076 ; # 1089 ; # 1090 ; # 1072 ; # 1074 ; # 1083 ; # 1077 ; # 1085 ; # 1085 ; # 1099 ; # 1081 ; # 1085 ; # 1072 ; # 1101 ; # 1090 ; # 1086 ; # 1081 ; # 1083 ; # 1077 ; # 1082 ; # 1094 ; # 1080 ; # 1080 ; . # 1051 ; # 1077 ; # 1082 ; # 1094 ; # 1080 ; # 1080 ; # 1074 ; # 1050 ; # 1077 ; # 1084 ; # 1073 ; # 1088 ; # 1080 ; # 1076 ; # 1078 ; # 1077 ; # 1095 ; # 1072 ; # 1089 ; # 1090 ; # 1086 ; # 1086 ; # 1087 ; # 1080 ; # 1089 ; # 1099 ; # 1074 ; # 1072 ; # 1077 ; # 1090 ; # 1089 ; # 1103 ; # 1082 ; # 1072 ; # 1082 ; # 1087 ; # 1086 ; # 1095 ; # 1090 ; # 1080 ; # 1087 ; # 1088 ; # 1086 ; # 1089 ; # 1090 ; # 1086 ; # 1077 ; # 1085 ; # 1072 ; # 1073 ; # 1086 ; # 1083 ; # 1090 ; # 1072 ; # 1093 ; # 1085 ; # 1072 ; # 1101 ; # 1090 ; # 1080 ; # 1093 ; # 1085 ; # 1072 ; # 1073 ; # 1083 ; # 1102 ; # 1076 ; # 1077 ; # 1085 ; # 1080 ; # 1081 ; . # 1057 ; # 1090 ; # 1091 ; # 1076 ; # 1077 ; # 1085 ; # 1090 ; # 1099 ; # 1087 ; # 1086 ; # 1083 ; # 1091 ; # 1095 ; # 1072 ; # 1102 ; # 1090 ; # 1086 ; # 1090 ; # 1086 ; # 1076 ; # 1085 ; # 1086 ; # 1075 ; # 1086 ; # 1076 ; # 1086 ; # 1090 ; # 1088 ; # 1077 ; # 1093 ; # 1085 ; # 1072 ; # 1073 ; # 1083 ; # 1102 ; # 1076 ; # 1077 ; # 1085 ; # 1080 ; # 1081 ; # 1074 ; # 1085 ; # 1077 ; # 1076 ; # 1077 ; # 1083 ; # 1102 ; , # 1074 ; # 1079 ; # 1072 ; # 1074 ; # 1080 ; # 1089 ; # 1080 ; # 1084 ; # 1086 ; # 1089 ; # 1090 ; # 1080 ; # 1086 ; # 1090 ; # 1080 ; # 1093 ; # 1087 ; # 1088 ; # 1077 ; # 1076 ; # 1084 ; # 1077 ; # 1090 ; # 1072 ; . # 1069 ; # 1090 ; # 1086 ; # 1087 ; # 1077 ; # 1076 ; # 1072 ; # 1075 ; # 1086 ; # 1075 ; # 1080 ; # 1095 ; # 1077 ; # 1089 ; # 1082 ; # 1072 ; # 1103 ; # 1089 ; # 1080 ; # 1089 ; # 1090 ; # 1077 ; # 1084 ; # 1072 ; # 1095 ; # 1072 ; # 1089 ; # 1090 ; # 1086 ; # 1091 ; 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The Name of the Rose Monks and the Church Essay Example For Students

The Name of the Rose Monks and the Church Essay In the movie The Name of the Rose?, monks who run the Abbey recognize that knowledge can be a very dangerous thing to possess. They say that the truth is different from what the ruling authority says is the truth. Then such knowledge can become part of a revolution in thinking that destroys everything that they stood for. A conflict between two different ideologies is at the forefront of this movie. It is the conflict between knowledge, truth, and the ideologies found in an ancient book written by Aristotle. In the film, Brother William (played by Sean Connery), a monk who has come to investigate deaths at the Abbey, believes that such books are seen as dangerous by the Church, because they contain different thoughts and ideas that are a completely different from what the church is thinking. The Church recognizes how much power a book could have because Christianity, a religion that was the based on the Bible, defined Europe in the Middle Ages. It was thanks to the Church that the practice of reading and writing survived in Europe. We will write a custom essay on The Name of the Rose Monks and the Church specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now From the beginning, the monkhood made apparent the importance collecting transcribing and studying all of the books they had, they are also trying to combine the Greek and Latin traditions to the teachings of Christianity. This is why in The Name of the Rose,? the scriptorium, the building where the books are hand copied, has such as an important place in the monastery, they work day in and day out copying the old books. When William finds the building he is happy because of all the books that are stored there, We are in one of the greatest libraries in all of the Christian Kingdom. One of the most important goals of the monastery was to keep the knowledge of the past. However, at the same time, they become dangerous if the books ideas are completely different from the churches. A blind monk who has murdered people in the Abbey, tries everything to keep secret Aristotles book on comedy, believing that the truth is to be found in the Bible and in what the Church says is the truth. The Name of the Rose? demonstrates how important the discovery of Aristotles book was to Christianity in Europe in the early Centuries. Before Aristotles writings were found, the Bible was recognized in Europe as the only important book that is true and any other publication that differs is wrong. With the finding of Aristotles writing, it was recognized that another important source of truth and knowledge had been found. The Church did not see this as dangerous as long as the writings were the same as the churchs beliefs: Aristotles understanding of a king or sex agreed with the Christian values of good will and faith. Aristotles main idea could be used to explain a God-driven universe. Saint Thomas Aquinas teachings and ideas were also used by Aristotle and produced the same truths as the Christianity, although the truth of Christianity is the end all and be all of reasoning, still the truth that human reason is naturally supplied to know cannot be rival the reasoning of the Christianity. However, what the Church thought was dangerous, was if Aristotles writings did not support the views and the beliefs made by the Church and could threaten the Churchs power over the people. This is what is at the center of The Name of the Rose,? when the leaders of the monastery believe that Aristotles book on comedy is dangerous to the Christian society. The monk said: Laughter kills fear and without fear there can be no faith. Without fear of the Satan, there is no more need of God. Laughter will remain common mans recreation. The world would relapse into chaos. He believes that such a book must be kept secret because it could destroy everything the Church had worked so hard to build. He was willing to murder just so the book could be kept a secret. .ud257c0b44adc13b7b24378d7efed337a , .ud257c0b44adc13b7b24378d7efed337a .postImageUrl , .ud257c0b44adc13b7b24378d7efed337a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ud257c0b44adc13b7b24378d7efed337a , .ud257c0b44adc13b7b24378d7efed337a:hover , .ud257c0b44adc13b7b24378d7efed337a:visited , .ud257c0b44adc13b7b24378d7efed337a:active { border:0!important; } .ud257c0b44adc13b7b24378d7efed337a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ud257c0b44adc13b7b24378d7efed337a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ud257c0b44adc13b7b24378d7efed337a:active , .ud257c0b44adc13b7b24378d7efed337a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ud257c0b44adc13b7b24378d7efed337a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ud257c0b44adc13b7b24378d7efed337a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ud257c0b44adc13b7b24378d7efed337a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ud257c0b44adc13b7b24378d7efed337a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ud257c0b44adc13b7b24378d7efed337a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ud257c0b44adc13b7b24378d7efed337a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ud257c0b44adc13b7b24378d7efed337a .ud257c0b44adc13b7b24378d7efed337a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ud257c0b44adc13b7b24378d7efed337a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The woman in white - plot and characters EssayBrother William, a man who believes in the power of human reason, instead of fearing the power of Satan, and that no knowledge and no book should be forbidden. When William and his apprentice first arrive at the Abbey, the conflicts between traditional Church beliefs, the age of faith, and the new beliefs of the developmental age of reason, as represented by William become clear. William represents a change in thinking that accepts reasoning as well as faith; this is the main conflict of the film involving the monks who believe such a change in thinking will destroy the Christian society. The church force the peasants to contribute money in order to save their souls, and when they throw out the garbage and the starving peasants eat it. Conflict between the religious orders who believed that the Church should be like Christ and give up all possessions to the poor, and a Church that had grown rich and politically powerful, One of the ways in which the Church showed how much power they had by the drive through of the Inquisition this marks the culmination of a period of change in the Church. Some of the ways the Church exercised its power, has been through the Inquisition, and it told all those whose beliefs were different from the Church, that they would be executed. In The Name of the Rose, the monks who believed that the Church should give up the wealth it accrued and give it back to those, whom they stole it from. The Inquisitor orders them to be tortured and executed for being heretics and for working with the Satan against the Church. The growing conflict between the age of faith and the age of reason to the conflict between a Church that was growing rich and powerful and some of the religious orders that wanted the Church to return to its beginnings, by helping the poor. The Name of the Rose? shows how conflict and religion and social change was taking place in the High Middle Ages, and how much corruption and power can enter anyones life and get a stronghold of the person and almost never let go.