Financial Crisis And Its Effects On The Economy - 1337 Words

Financial crisis can be profoundly described in the example of the subprime financial crisis in the US. It includes causes and preconditions along with steps and options to rectify the situation, which makes it substantial for understanding the nature and consequences of most financial crises. This article is oriented on revealing the key reasons of economic downfall, ways to avoid or mitigate the situation, and the role of a business analyst in the situations of possible or factual crises. The background of the crisis that started in 2007 actually goes back to the period of 2004-2006, when large foreign investments came to the US attracted by the powerful economy with low discount rates at that period. Investments mainly originated from fast-growing economies in Asia and oil-producing/exporting countries and created an additional supply of money on the market that only intensified the housing and credit bubbles. Large amounts of additional money inflows from around the world into the US economy were also achieved through an innovative tool such as mortgage-backed securities, which derive their value from mortgage payments and housing prices (Bernanke, 2009). As the price’s decline happened and the housing bubble had burst, a lot of institutions reported great losses. Money supply had also stimulated the development of private financial institutions that were eager to give high-risk loans. During the first two years the loan rate was fixed, but increased significantly inShow MoreRelatedFinancial Crisis And Its Effects On The Economy Essay1593 Words   |  7 Pagesinvestment banks, two financial conglomerates, three insurance companies, and three rating agencies. Furthermore, all of these companies are working hand-and-hand, as a team, whose main goal is to increase their personal bank accounts, which are located in banks overseas, at the risk of their consumers and investors. All of this can arguably be seen as a result of the idiotic decisions made by those in the government who repeatedly denied that they could foresee a financial crisis happening, even thoughRead MoreFinancial Crisis And Its Effects On Economy1413 Words   |  6 PagesIn 1997, Asia financial crisis broke out. It brought a huge and negative influence on economy of Asia, even t he world economy. Financial crisis which is the value of financial assets decline, lots of financial institution out of business or stock market crash. Currency plays an important role in the market. It is a base that keep economic stability in the country. When currency change significantly, the country’s economy in turmoil. The financial crisis started from Thailand, and then PhilippinesRead MoreFinancial Crisis And Its Effects On The World Economy1467 Words   |  6 PagesBetween the years of 2007 to 2008, the world was faced with a major financial meltdown with global market failures and economies in shambles. The emergence of subprime mortgages and the collapse of securitized derivatives led to much speculation of different causes. What was the root factor that led to the triggering of this financial crisis? This research conducts a comparative analysis of my research and beliefs on the cause of the crisis contrary to other researchers’ conclusions. It is an aim to provideRead MoreFinancial Crisis And Its Effects On American Economy Essay1834 Words   |  8 PagesA financial crisis involves the value of financial institutions or assets dropping rapidly. It is often associated with a panic on the banks causing investors to sell off assets or withdraw money from savings accounts. This is the result of concern that the value of those assets will drop if left at the financial institution. As the crisis intensifies there is a significant change in the amount of risk that world financial markets are willing and able to accept. This results in easy credit conditionsRead MoreGlobal Financial Crisis And Its Effects On The Global Economy1900 Words   |  8 PagesIntroduction The global financial crisis had a profound on the financial markets leading to recession in a majority of advanced economies and massive growth declines emerging and developing economies. A financial crisis occurs when disruption increases asymmetric information in the financial system affecting efficient channeling of funds (Mishkin Eakins, 2012). The information asymmetry disrupts the transmission of funds from savers to productive investments and households. The profound natureRead More1.1. The Effect Of The Financial Crisis On The GCC National Economy: The United stated1300 Words   |  6 Pages1.1. The Effect Of The Financial Crisis On The GCC National Economy: The United stated financial crisis has greatly influenced aspects of the GCC economic and financial market. Generally the crisis leaded to a negative economic development, high unemployment rate across industries. Moreover the crisis has affected the overall liquidity level among GCC countries hence the regulatory bodies took all the measures to impose policies to reduce the negative effect of the crisis on their variousRead MoreWhy India Recovered Quickly From The 2008 Global Crisis Essay1594 Words   |  7 Pagesrecovered quickly from the 2008 global crisis? Vivek Shah MBA AF 629 December 12, 2016 Introduction It’s the most heard term about the global economy in the recent years and it’s the year we have been always hearing about its 2008. We all have been a part of it in some or the other way and all the major economies had been affected by the global turmoil which eventually lead to the worst situation after the Great depression of 1929. The sub-prime crisis in USA which lead to great recession whereRead MoreExploring the Contagion and Its Effect on Macroeconomic Conditions1452 Words   |  6 Pagescollateralized debt instruments featuring subprime mortgages, began to struggle. The result was a credit crisis, followed by substantial government intervention in the industry. This crisis then spread throughout much of the rest of the world. The contagion effect was driven by factors such as financial institution connectedness and exposure to the US economy. This paper will explore the contagion, and its effect on macroeconomic conditions both in the United States and around t he world. Body A contagionRead MoreWorld Economy Individual Assignment :1022 Words   |  5 PagesWorld Economy Individual Assignment-Baris Kayacan Fast economic conversion that Turley experienced after 1980 has made a significant effect on country’s whole economy and especially removal of obstacles in front of capital movements and integration of the country with global economy has increased the importance of financial sector as a whole . But this fast conversion made the economy vulnerable to crisis and Turkish economy experienced two devastating economic crisis in post 1980 era. In this reportRead MoreProblems Associated With The Financial Crisis1165 Words   |  5 Pagesinitial financial problems were concentrated in institutions exposed to mortgage securitization. But how it is that financial imbalances were transmitted into macroeconomic disruptions? What mainly channeled the crisis to other sectors was the resulting contraction in credit, of banks and other financial intermediaries. It is important to differentiate between the loss of financial actors associated with mortgages, which was the initially crisis, and the losses caused by the after effects, also called

Islamic State Of Iraq And Al Sham - 943 Words

The Islamic State of Iraq and Al-Sham is a terrorist organization that began as Al-Qaeda in Iraq. Since Al-Sham can mean Syria or the Levant, media and governments usually refer to them as the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) or the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL); some use the derogatory name Daesh in order to avoid recognizing the group’s claims. The Islamic State declared themselves a caliphate with Abu Bakr Al-Baghdadi becoming Caliph Ibrahim. He claims authority over all loyal Muslims worldwide, and uses extreme violence in an attempt to spread their extreme ideology. They pose a great threat to the Middle East and the West as long as they continue to exist and hold power in the region. In order to limit the radical long-term effect they could have on the world, the nations of the Coalition against them must devote all available resources to destroying the organization rather than many devoting some resources to containing them. Although the Islamic State’s main area of operation is in Iraq and Syria, they have affiliates in Afghanistan, Pakistan, and parts of Africa. Much of this support comes from members of the Taliban defecting, and Boko Haram committing itself to support the Islamic State. As a whole, 1,000 terrorists from various locations across the globe join each month. The group has convinced several teenagers to leave their homes and join; if they become disillusioned and attempt to leave, the group kills them. The more territoryShow MoreRelatedThe Islamic State Of Iraq And Al Sham1620 Words   |  7 Pages know how dangerous these people are becoming. The Islamic State of Iraq and al Sham also known as ISIS, an Al Qaeda affiliation is not only alive but spreading and spreading fast. The group started out in Iraq as the world known Al Qaeda before rebranding themselves. Though both jihadi groups strived to establish an independent Islamic state in the region of Iraq , ISIS believes in a much more brutal regimine. Threating to take over both Iraq and Syria, killing and beheading both their own andRead MoreThe Islamic State Of Iraq And Al Sham1550 Words   |  7 PagesIn his autobiography ‘Radical’, Maajid Nawaz, a former member of the radical Islamist organization, Hizb al-Tahrir (HT), outlines the differences between Islam, Islamism, and Jihadism, three different concepts that are key in understanding radical groups within the Muslim world. Firstly, Nawaz defines Islam quite simply; it is a religion, defined similarly to all other faiths. Islamism, on the other hand, is defined as â€Å"the desire to impose Islam over society as law†. It is an ideological thoughtRead MoreThe Islamic State Of Iraq And Al Sham1461 Words   |  6 PagesThe Islamic State, otherwise called the Islamic State of Iraq and al-Sham (ISIS), takes after an unmistakable assortment of Islam whose convictions about the way to the Day of Judgment matter to its system, and can help the West know its adversary and foresee its conduct. Its ascent to power is less like the triumph of the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt (a gathering whose pioneers the Islamic State considers faithless people) than like the acknowledgment of a tragic substitute reality. The White HouseRead MoreThe Islamic State Of Iraq And Al Sham1471 Words   |  6 PagesJoshua Bacon Ed Rowe American Security Overview 26 January 2016 The Islamic State, also known as the Islamic State of Iraq and al-Sham (ISIS), follows a distinct variety of Islam whose beliefs about the path to the Day of Judgment define its strategy, and can help the West know its enemy and predict its behavior. Its rise to power is less like the triumph of the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt (a group whose leaders the Islamic State considers apostates) than like the realization of a dystopian alternateRead MoreIslamic State Of Iraq And Al Sham ( Isis )838 Words   |  4 PagesWhat Are ISIS Intentions? This assignment is a qualitative study about Islamic State of Iraq and al-Sham (ISIS). What it ISIS? Where does it come from? What are its intentions? These questions seem to be simple but can be misrepresenting. According to Schmitt, Major General Nagata, the Special Operations commander for the U.S. in the Middle East, admitted that that he had barely begun figuring out the Islamic State?s appeal. ?We have not defeated the idea,? he said. ?We do not even understandRead MoreThe Islamic State During Iraq And Al Sham ( Isis )1703 Words   |  7 Pagesindividual or society responds well to the hardships and suffering it encounters, that individual or society will continue to improve and evolve. Today, the media reports that the Islamic State in Iraq and al-Sham (ISIS) is struggling to gain power for their people through the reacquisition of land and reunification of Islamic people. ISIS has threatened attacks on the western world, should they attempt to intervene in this struggle (Ivison, 2014). The western world views this as a threat to its powerRead MoreThe Fall Of The Taliban Group809 Words   |  4 Pageswar on Afghanistan, forced Zarqawi to escape to Iraq. There his existence went widely unnoticed till the Bush administration used it as evidence that al-Qaeda was in relation with Saddam Hussein and they would get assistance through his regime. In fact, though, Zarqawi was a free agent, searching to create his own terror group organization. Briefly after the US-led Occupation of Iraq in 2003, he set up the forerunner to today’s Islamic State: Jama’at al-Tawhid w’al-Jihad (the Party of Monotheism andRead MoreWhat Is The Potential Of The Islamic State Attacks?767 Words   |  4 PagesWith the increase of Islamic State-affiliated attacks by radicalized â€Å"Lone Wolf† actors and dedicated Islamic State fighters, it is necessary to consider the potential for similar attacks in the United States. The November 2015, coordinated attack in Paris, France, and the January 2015, shooting in the Charlie Hebdo offices in Paris, demonstrated the Islamic States ability to coordinate complex attacks in physical locations however, the true measure of the Islamic States potential lies in its abilityRead MoreSyria During The Middle East1666 Words   |  7 Pagescontinuously inhabited cities in the world (CIA Fact Book). Once a part of the Ottoman Empire, Syria was controlled by France following World War I until it gained its independence in 1946. Following independence, Syria has been in a rather consistent state of turmoil and government coups leading to instability in not only the country but also the region as a whole. Current Events Syria has been in a Civil War officially since July 2012 when the Red Cross declared it so that Geneva Conventions couldRead MoreThe Islamic State : An Accident Of History1579 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction: The Islamic State is an accident of history, emerging from multiple political, economic, and social tensions in the Middle East. It has challenged the territorial divisions forced in the region following the fall of the Ottoman Empire by shaping out for itself a large area of territory. But ultimately, its consequence will flow as much from its challenge to settled concepts of government, national sovereignty, and national identity. The Islamic State is most well-known for the violence

University of Cambridge free essay sample

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The University of Cambridge ( informally Cambridge University, or merely Cambridge ) is a public research university located in Cambridge, United Kingdom. It is the 2nd oldest university in both England and the English-speaking universe and the 7th oldest university globally. In post-nominals the university s name is abbreviated as Cantab, a sawed-off signifier of Cantabrigiensis ( an adjective derived fromCantabrigia, the Latinised signifier of Cambridge ) . The university grew out of an association of bookmans in the metropolis of Cambridge that was formed, early records suggest, in 1209 by bookmans go forthing Oxford after a difference with townspeople. The two ancient universities have many common characteristics and are frequently jointly referred to as Oxbridge. In add-on to cultural and practical associations as a historic portion of British society, the two universities have a long history of competition with each other. Academically, Cambridge ranks as one of the universe s top universities, every bit good as a taking university in Europe, and contends with Oxford for first topographic point in UK conference tabular arraies. Affiliates of the University have won more Nobel Prizes than those of any other establishment in the universe with 88 Nobel Laureates as of October 4, 2010 the most recent one being Robert G. Edwards for the award in physiology or medical specialty. The University is a member of the Russell Group of research-led British universities, the Coimbra Group, the League of European Research Universities and the International Alliance of Research Universities. It forms portion of the Golden Triangle of British universities. History Cambridge # 8217 ; s position was enhanced by a charter in 1231 from King Henry III of England which awarded the ius non trahi supernumerary ( a right to train its ain members ) plus some freedom from revenue enhancements, and a bull in 1233 from Pope Gregory IX that gave alumnuss from Cambridge the right to learn everyplace in Christendom. After Cambridge was described as a studiumgenerale in a missive by Pope Nicholas IV in 1290, and confirmed as such in a bull by Pope John XXII in 1318, it became common for research workers from other European medieval universities to come and see Cambridge to analyze or to give talk classs. Administration Cambridge is a collegiate university, intending that it is made up of self-governing and independent colleges, each with its ain belongings and income. Most colleges bring together faculty members and pupils from a wide scope of subjects, and within each module, school or section within the university, faculty members from many different colleges will be found. The modules are responsible for guaranting that talks are given, set uping seminars, executing research and finding the course of study for instruction, overseen by the General Board. Together with the cardinal disposal headed by the Vice-Chancellor, they make up the full Cambridge University. Facilities such as libraries are provided on all these degrees: by the University ( the Cambridge University Library ) , by the sections ( departmental libraries such as the Squire Law Library ) , and by the single colleges ( all of which maintain a multi-discipline library, by and large aimed chiefly at their undergraduates ) . Colleges All pupils and many of the faculty members are attached to colleges, where they socialise. It is besides the topographic point where pupils may have their little group learning Sessionss, known as supervisings. Each college appoints its ain instruction staff and chaps in each topic ; decides which pupils to acknowledge, in conformity with university ordinances ; provides little group learning Sessionss, for undergraduates ( though talks are arranged and grades are awarded by the university ) ; and is responsible for the domestic agreements and public assistance of its ain undergraduates, alumnuss, post-doctoral research workers, and staff in general. The University of Cambridge presently has 31 colleges, of which three, Murray Edwards, Newnham and Lucy Cavendish, admit adult females merely. The other colleges are now assorted, though most were originally all-male. Darwin was the first college to acknowledge both work forces and adult females, while Churchill, Clare and King s colleges were the first antecedently all-male colleges to acknowledge female undergraduates in 1972. Magdalene was the last all-male college to go assorted in 1988. Clare Hall and Darwin admit merely graduate students, and Hughes Hall, Lucy Cavendish, St Edmund # 8217 ; s and Wolfson admit onlymature ( i.e. 21 old ages or older on day of the month of matriculation ) pupils, including alumnus pupils. All other colleges admit both undergraduate and postgraduate pupils with no age limitations. Colleges are non required to acknowledge pupils in all topics, with some colleges taking non to offer topics such as architecture, history of art or divinity, but most o ffer near to the complete scope. Some colleges maintain a prejudice towards certain topics, for illustration with Churchill tilting towards the scientific disciplines and technology, while others such as St Catharine s purpose for a balanced intake.Costs to pupils ( adjustment and nutrient monetary values ) vary well from college to college. Others maintain much more informal reputes, such as for the pupils of King s College to keep leftist political positions, or Robinson College and Churchill College s efforts to understate its environmental impact. There are besides several theological colleges in Cambridge, including Westcott House, Westminster College and Ridley Hall Theological College, that are affiliated to the university and are members of the Cambridge Theological Federation. Teaching The chief method of learning at Cambridge colleges is the supervising. These are typically hebdomadal hour-long Sessionss in which little groups of pupils # 8211 ; normally between one and three # 8211 ; meet with a member of the university s teaching staff or a doctorial pupil. Students are usually required to finish an essay or assignment in progress of the supervising, which they will discourse with the supervisor during the session, along with any concerns or troubles they have had with the stuff presented in that hebdomad s talks. Lectures at Cambridge are frequently described as being about a mere bolt-on to these supervisings. Students receive between one and three supervisings per hebdomad, depending upon their topic. This pedagogical system is frequently cited as being alone to Cambridge and Oxford ( where # 8220 ; supervisings # 8221 ; are known as # 8220 ; tutorials # 8221 ; ) The construct of rating pupils work quantitatively was developed by a coach named William Farish at the University of Cambridge in 1792. Schools, modules and sections In add-on to the 31 colleges, the university is made up of over 150 sections, modules, schools, mobs and other establishments. Members of these are normally besides members of one or more of the colleges and duty for running the full academic programme of the university is divided amongst them. A School in the University of Cambridge is a wide administrative grouping of related modules and other units. Each has an elected supervisory organic structure # 8211 ; the Council of the school # 8211 ; consisting representatives of the constitutional organic structures. Therearesixschools: ArtsandHumanities BiologicalSciences ClinicalMedicine HumanitiesandSocialSciences PhysicalSciences Technology Teaching and research in Cambridge is organised by modules. The modules have different organizational sub-structures which partially reflect their history and partially their operational demands, which may include a figure of sections and other establishments. In add-on, a little figure of organic structures entitled Syndicates have duties for learning and research, e.g. Cambridge Assessment, the University Press, and the University Library. Academic twelvemonth The academic twelvemonth is divided into three footings, determined by the Legislative acts of the University. Michaelmas Term lasts from October to December ; Lent Term from January to March ; and Easter Term from April to June. Within these footings undergraduate learning takes topographic point within eight-week periods called Full Footings. These footings are shorter than those of many other British universities. Undergraduates are besides expected to fix to a great extent in the three vacations ( known as the Christmas, Easter and Long Vacations ) . Student life Sports Cambridge maintains a long tradition of pupil engagement in athletics and diversion. Rowing is a peculiarly popular athletics at Cambridge, and there are competitions between colleges, notably the bumps races, and against Oxford, the Boat Race. There are besides Varsity lucifers against Oxford in many other athleticss, runing from cricket and rugger, to chess and tiddlywinks. Athletes stand foring the university in certain athleticss entitle them to use for a Cambridge Blue at the discretion of the Blues Committee, dwelling of the captains of the 13 most esteemed athleticss. # 1055 ; # 1077 ; # 1088 ; # 1077 ; # 1074 ; # 1086 ; # 1076 ; # 1050 ; # 1077 ; # 1084 ; # 1073 ; # 1088 ; # 1080 ; # 1076 ; # 1078 ; # 1089 ; # 1082 ; # 1080 ; # 1081 ; # 1091 ; # 1085 ; # 1080 ; # 1074 ; # 1077 ; # 1088 ; # 1089 ; # 1080 ; # 1090 ; # 1077 ; # 1090 ; # 1050 ; # 1077 ; # 1084 ; # 1073 ; # 1088 ; # 1080 ; # 1076 ; # 1078 ; # 1089 ; # 1082 ; # 1080 ; # 1081 ; # 1091 ; # 1085 ; # 1080 ; # 1074 ; # 1077 ; # 1088 ; # 1089 ; # 1080 ; # 1090 ; # 1077 ; # 1090 ; ( # 1085 ; # 1077 ; # 1086 ; # 1092 ; # 1080 ; # 1094 ; # 1080 ; # 1072 ; # 1083 ; # 1100 ; # 1085 ; # 1086 ; # 1050 ; # 1077 ; # 1084 ; # 1073 ; # 1088 ; # 1080 ; # 1076 ; # 1078 ; ) # 1103 ; # 1074 ; # 1083 ; # 1103 ; # 1077 ; # 1090 ; # 1089 ; # 1103 ; # 1075 ; # 1086 ; # 1089 ; # 1091 ; # 1076 ; # 1072 ; # 1088 ; # 1089 ; 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# 1080 ; # 1090 ; # 1077 ; # 1090 ; # 1072 ; , # 1082 ; # 1086 ; # 1090 ; # 1086 ; # 1088 ; # 1099 ; # 1077 ; # 1091 ; # 1096 ; # 1083 ; # 1080 ; # 1080 ; # 1079 ; # 1085 ; # 1077 ; # 1075 ; # 1086 ; # 1087 ; # 1086 ; # 1089 ; # 1083 ; # 1077 ; # 1089 ; # 1087 ; # 1086 ; # 1088 ; # 1072 ; # 1089 ; # 1075 ; # 1086 ; # 1088 ; # 1086 ; # 1078 ; # 1072 ; # 1085 ; # 1072 ; # 1084 ; # 1080 ; . # 1044 ; # 1074 ; # 1072 ; # 1076 ; # 1088 ; # 1077 ; # 1074 ; # 1085 ; # 1080 ; # 1093 ; # 1091 ; # 1085 ; # 1080 ; # 1074 ; # 1077 ; # 1088 ; # 1089 ; # 1080 ; # 1090 ; # 1077 ; # 1090 ; # 1086 ; # 1074 ; # 1080 ; # 1084 ; # 1077 ; # 1102 ; # 1090 ; # 1084 ; # 1085 ; # 1086 ; # 1075 ; # 1086 ; # 1086 ; # 1073 ; # 1097 ; # 1080 ; # 109 3 ; # 1095 ; # 1077 ; # 1088 ; # 1090 ; # 1080 ; # 1095 ; # 1072 ; # 1089 ; # 1090 ; # 1086 ; # 1089 ; # 1086 ; # 1074 ; # 1084 ; # 1077 ; # 1089 ; # 1090 ; # 1085 ; # 1086 ; # 1080 ; # 1084 ; # 1077 ; # 1085 ; # 1091 ; # 1077 ; # 1084 ; # 1099 ; # 1077 ; Oxbridge. # 1042 ; # 1076 ; # 1086 ; # 1087 ; # 1086 ; # 1083 ; # 1085 ; # 1077 ; # 1085 ; # 1080 ; # 1077 ; # 1082 ; # 1091 ; # 1083 ; # 1100 ; # 1090 ; # 1091 ; # 1088 ; # 1085 ; # 1099 ; # 1084 ; # 1080 ; # 1087 ; # 1088 ; # 1072 ; # 1082 ; # 1090 ; # 1080 ; # 1095 ; # 1077 ; # 1089 ; # 1082 ; # 1080 ; # 1084 ; # 1086 ; # 1073 ; # 1098 ; # 1077 ; # 1076 ; # 1080 ; # 1085 ; # 1077 ; # 1085 ; # 1080 ; # 1077 ; # 1084 ; , # 1080 ; # 1089 ; # 1090 ; # 1086 ; # 1088 ; # 1080 ; # 1095 ; # 1077 ; # 1089 ; # 1082 ; # 1086 ; # 1081 ; # 1095 ; # 1072 ; # 1089 ; # 1090 ; # 1080 ; # 1073 ; # 1088 ; # 1080 ; # 1090 ; # 1072 ; # 1085 ; # 1089 ; # 1082 ; # 1086 ; # 1075 ; # 1086 ; # 1086 ; # 1073 ; # 1097 ; # 1077 ; # 1089 ; # 1090 ; # 1074 ; # 1072 ; , # 1076 ; # 1074 ; # 1072 ; # 1091 ; # 1085 ; # 1080 ; # 1074 ; # 1077 ; # 1088 ; # 1089 ; # 1080 ; # 1090 ; # 1077 ; # 1090 ; # 1072 ; # 1080 ; # 1084 ; # 1077 ; # 1102 ; # 1090 ; # 1076 ; # 1072 ; # 1074 ; # 1085 ; # 1102 ; # 1102 ; # 1080 ; # 1089 ; # 1090 ; # 1086 ; # 1088 ; # 1080 ; # 1102 ; # 1089 ; # 1086 ; # 1087 ; # 1077 ; # 1088 ; # 1085 ; # 1080 ; # 1095 ; # 1077 ; # 1089 ; # 1090 ; # 1074 ; # 1072 ; # 1076 ; # 1088 ; # 1091 ; # 1075 ; # 1089 ; # 1076 ; # 1088 ; # 1091 ; # 1075 ; # 1086 ; # 1084 ; . # 1042 ; # 1091 ; # 1095 ; # 1077 ; # 1073 ; # 1077 ; , # 1050 ; # 1077 ; # 1084 ; # 1073 ; # 1088 ; # 1080 ; # 1076 ; # 1078 ; # 1089 ; # 1095 ; # 1080 ; # 1090 ; # 1072 ; # 1077 ; # 1090 ; # 1089 ; # 1103 ; # 1086 ; # 1076 ; # 1085 ; # 1080 ; # 1084 ; # 1080 ; # 1079 ; # 1083 ; # 1091 ; # 1095 ; # 1096 ; # 1080 ; # 1093 ; # 1091 ; # 1085 ; # 1080 ; # 1074 ; # 1077 ; # 1088 ; # 1089 ; # 1080 ; # 1090 ; # 1077 ; # 1090 ; # 1086 ; # 1074 ; # 1084 ; # 1080 ; # 1088 ; # 1072 ; , # 1072 ; # 1090 ; # 1072 ; # 1082 ; # 1078 ; # 1077 ; # 1074 ; # 1077 ; # 1076 ; # 1091 ; # 1097 ; # 1080 ; # 1084 ; # 1091 ; # 1085 ; # 1080 ; # 1074 ; # 1077 ; # 1088 ; # 1089 ; # 1080 ; # 1090 ; # 1077 ; # 1090 ; # 1086 ; # 1084 ; # 1074 ; # 1045 ; # 1074 ; # 1088 ; # 1086 ; # 1087 ; # 1077 ; , # 1080 ; # 1079 ; # 1072 ; # 1085 ; # 1080 ; # 1084 ; # 1072 ; # 1077 ; # 1090 ; , # 1089 ; # 1054 ; # 1082 ; # 1089 ; # 1092 ; # 1086 ; # 1088 ; # 1076 ; # 1089 ; # 1082 ; # 1080 ; # 1084 ; # 1087 ; # 1077 ; # 1088 ; # 1074 ; # 1086 ; # 1077 ; # 1084 ; # 1077 ; # 1089 ; # 1090 ; # 1086 ; # 1074 ; # 1042 ; # 1077 ; # 1083 ; # 1080 ; # 1082 ; # 1086 ; # 1073 ; # 1088 ; # 1080 ; # 1090 ; # 1072 ; # 1085 ; # 1080 ; # 1080 ; . # 1060 ; # 1080 ; # 1083 ; # 1080 ; # 1072 ; # 1083 ; # 1099 ; # 1091 ; # 1085 ; # 1080 ; # 1074 ; # 1077 ; # 1088 ; # 1089 ; # 1080 ; # 1090 ; # 1077 ; # 1090 ; # 1072 ; # 1074 ; # 1099 ; # 1080 ; # 1075 ; # 1088 ; # 1072 ; # 1083 ; # 1080 ; # 1073 ; # 1086 ; # 1083 ; # 1100 ; # 1096 ; # 1077 ; # 1053 ; # 1086 ; # 1073 ; # 1077 ; # 1083 ; # 1077 ; # 1074 ; # 1089 ; # 1082 ; # 1080 ; # 1093 ; # 1087 ; # 1088 ; # 1077 ; # 1084 ; # 1080 ; # 1081 ; , # 1095 ; # 1077 ; # 1084 ; # 1083 ; # 1102 ; # 1073 ; # 1086 ; # 1081 ; # 1076 ; # 1088 ; # 1091 ; # 1075 ; # 1086 ; # 1081 ; # 1080 ; # 1085 ; # 1089 ; # 1090 ; # 1080 ; # 1090 ; # 1091 ; # 1090 ; # 1074 ; # 1084 ; # 1080 ; # 1088 ; # 1077 ; 88 # 1083 ; # 1072 ; # 1091 ; # 1088 ; # 1077 ; # 1072 ; # 1090 ; # 1086 ; # 1074 ; # 1053 ; # 1086 ; # 1073 ; # 1077 ; # 1083 ; # 1077 ; # 1074 ; # 1089 ; # 1082 ; # 1086 ; # 1081 ; # 1087 ; # 1088 ; # 1077 ; # 1084 ; # 1080 ; # 1080 ; # 1087 ; # 1086 ; # 1089 ; # 1086 ; # 1089 ; # 1090 ; # 1086 ; # 1103 ; # 1085 ; # 1080 ; # 1102 ; # 1085 ; # 1072 ; 4 # 1086 ; # 1082 ; # 1090 ; # 1103 ; # 1073 ; # 1088 ; # 1103 ; 2010 # 1075 ; # 1086 ; # 1076 ; # 1072 ; # 1087 ; # 1086 ; # 1089 ; # 1083 ; # 1077 ; # 1076 ; # 1085 ; # 1077 ; # 1081 ; # 1080 ; # 1079 ; # 1082 ; # 1086 ; # 1090 ; # 1086 ; # 1088 ; # 1099 ; # 1093 ; # 1056 ; # 1086 ; # 1073 ; # 1077 ; # 1088 ; # 1090 ; # 1044 ; # 1078 ; . # 1069 ; # 1076 ; # 1074 ; # 1072 ; # 1088 ; # 1076 ; # 1089 ; # 1087 ; # 1088 ; # 1077 ; # 10 84 ; # 1080 ; # 1103 ; # 1087 ; # 1086 ; # 1092 ; # 1080 ; # 1079 ; # 1080 ; # 1086 ; # 1083 ; # 1086 ; # 1075 ; # 1080 ; # 1080 ; # 1080 ; # 1084 ; # 1077 ; # 1076 ; # 1080 ; # 1094 ; # 1080 ; # 1085 ; # 1077 ; . # 1059 ; # 1085 ; # 1080 ; # 1074 ; # 1077 ; # 1088 ; # 1089 ; # 1080 ; # 1090 ; # 1077 ; # 1090 ; # 1103 ; # 1074 ; # 1083 ; # 1103 ; # 1077 ; # 1090 ; # 1089 ; # 1103 ; # 1095 ; # 1083 ; # 1077 ; # 1085 ; # 1086 ; # 1084 ; RussellGroup # 1080 ; # 1089 ; # 1089 ; # 1083 ; # 1077 ; # 1076 ; # 1086 ; # 1074 ; # 1072 ; # 1085 ; # 1080 ; # 1081 ; # 1087 ; # 1086 ; # 1076 ; # 1088 ; # 1091 ; # 1082 ; # 1086 ; # 1074 ; # 1086 ; # 1076 ; # 1089 ; # 1090 ; # 1074 ; # 1086 ; # 1084 ; # 1073 ; # 1088 ; # 1080 ; # 1090 ; # 1072 ; # 1085 ; # 1089 ; # 1082 ; # 1080 ; # 1093 ; # 1091 ; # 1085 ; # 1080 ; # 1074 ; # 1077 ; # 1088 ; # 1089 ; # 1080 ; # 1090 ; # 1077 ; # 1090 ; # 1086 ; # 1074 ; , CoimbraGroup # 1051 ; # 1080 ; # 1075 ; # 1080 ; # 1077 ; # 1074 ; # 1088 ; # 1086 ; # 1087 ; # 1077 ; # 1081 ; # 1089 ; # 1082 ; # 1080 ; # 1093 ; # 1080 ; # 1089 ; # 1089 ; # 1083 ; # 1077 ; # 1076 ; # 1086 ; # 1074 ; # 1072 ; # 1090 ; # 1077 ; # 1083 ; # 1100 ; # 1089 ; # 1082 ; # 1080 ; # 1093 ; # 1091 ; # 1085 ; # 1080 ; # 1074 ; # 1077 ; # 1088 ; # 1089 ; # 1080 ; # 1090 ; # 1077 ; # 1090 ; # 1086 ; # 1074 ; # 1080 ; # 1052 ; # 1077 ; # 1078 ; # 1076 ; # 1091 ; # 1085 ; # 1072 ; # 1088 ; # 1086 ; # 1076 ; # 1085 ; # 1099 ; # 1081 ; # 1072 ; # 1083 ; # 1100 ; # 1103 ; # 1085 ; # 1089 ; # 1080 ; # 1089 ; # 1089 ; # 1083 ; # 1077 ; # 1076 ; # 1086 ; # 1074 ; # 1072 ; # 1090 ; # 1077 ; # 1083 ; # 1100 ; # 1089 ; # 1082 ; # 1080 ; # 1093 ; # 1091 ; # 1085 ; # 1080 ; # 1074 ; # 1077 ; # 1088 ; # 1089 ; # 1080 ; # 1090 ; # 1077 ; # 1090 ; # 1086 ; # 1074 ; . # 1054 ; # 1085 ; # 1103 ; # 1074 ; # 1083 ; # 1103 ; # 1077 ; # 1090 ; # 1089 ; # 1103 ; # 1095 ; # 1072 ; # 1089 ; # 1090 ; # 1100 ; # 1102 ; # 1047 ; # 1086 ; # 1083 ; # 1086 ; # 1090 ; # 1086 ; # 1075 ; # 1086 ; # 1090 ; # 1088 ; # 1077 ; # 1091 ; # 1075 ; # 1086 ; # 1083 ; # 1100 ; # 1085 ; # 1080 ; # 1082 ; # 1072 ; # 1073 ; # 1088 ; # 1080 ; # 1090 ; # 1072 ; # 1085 ; # 1089 ; # 1082 ; # 1080 ; # 1093 ; # 1091 ; # 1085 ; # 1080 ; # 1074 ; # 1077 ; # 1088 ; # 1089 ; # 1080 ; # 1090 ; # 1077 ; # 1090 ; # 1086 ; # 1074 ; . # 1048 ; # 1089 ; # 1090 ; # 1086 ; # 1088 ; # 1080 ; # 1103 ; # 1057 ; # 1090 ; # 1072 ; # 1090 ; # 1091 ; # 1089 ; # 1050 ; # 1077 ; # 1084 ; # 1073 ; # 1088 ; # 1080 ; # 1076 ; # 1078 ; # 1072 ; # 1073 ; # 1099 ; # 1083 ; # 1091 ; # 1089 ; # 1090 ; # 1072 ; # 1085 ; # 1086 ; # 1074 ; # 1083 ; # 1077 ; # 1085 ; # 1091 ; # 1089 ; # 1090 ; # 1072 ; # 1074 ; # 1086 ; # 1084 ; # 1074 ; 1231 # 1075 ; # 1086 ; # 1076 ; # 1091 ; # 1082 ; # 1086 ; # 1088 ; # 1086 ; # 1083 ; # 1105 ; # 1084 ; # 1043 ; # 1077 ; # 1085 ; # 1088 ; # 1080 ; # 1093 ; # 1086 ; # 1084 ; III # 1080 ; # 1079 ; # 1040 ; # 1085 ; # 1075 ; # 1083 ; # 1080 ; # 1080 ; , # 1082 ; # 1086 ; # 1090 ; # 1086 ; # 1088 ; # 1099 ; # 1081 ; # 1087 ; # 1086 ; # 1083 ; # 1091 ; # 1095 ; # 1080 ; # 1083 ; IUS, # 1087 ; # 1088 ; # 1072 ; # 1074 ; # 1086 ; # 1085 ; # 1072 ; # 1076 ; # 1080 ; # 1089 ; # 1094 ; # 1080 ; # 1087 ; # 1083 ; # 1080 ; # 1085 ; # 1091 ; # 1089 ; # 1074 ; # 1086 ; # 1080 ; # 1093 ; # 1095 ; # 1083 ; # 1077 ; # 1085 ; # 1086 ; # 1074 ; , # 1072 ; # 1090 ; # 1072 ; # 1082 ; # 1078 ; # 1077 ; # 1085 ; # 1077 ; # 1082 ; # 1086 ; # 1090 ; # 1086 ; # 1088 ; # 1086 ; # 1077 ; # 1086 ; # 1089 ; # 1074 ; # 1086 ; # 1073 ; # 1086 ; # 1078 ; # 1076 ; # 1077 ; # 1085 ; # 1080 ; # 1077 ; # 1086 ; # 1090 ; # 1085 ; # 1072 ; # 1083 ; # 1086 ; # 1075 ; # 1086 ; # 1074 ; , # 1080 ; # 1073 ; # 1099 ; # 1082 ; # 1072 ; # 1074 ; 1233 # 1075 ; # 1086 ; # 1076 ; # 1091 ; # 1086 ; # 1090 ; # 1087 ; # 1072 ; # 1087 ; # 1099 ; # 1043 ; # 1088 ; # 1080 ; # 1075 ; # 1086 ; # 1088 ; # 1080 ; # 1103 ; IX, # 1082 ; # 1086 ; # 1090 ; # 1086 ; # 1088 ; # 1099 ; # 1081 ; # 1076 ; # 1072 ; # 1083 ; # 1074 ; # 1099 ; # 1087 ; # 1091 ; # 1089 ; # 1082 ; # 1085 ; # 1080 ; # 1082 ; # 1072 ; # 1084 ; # 1050 ; # 1077 ; # 1084 ; # 1073 ; # 1088 ; # 1080 ; # 1076 ; # 1078 ; # 1072 ; # 1087 ; # 108 8 ; # 1072 ; # 1074 ; # 1086 ; # 1087 ; # 1088 ; # 1077 ; # 1087 ; # 1086 ; # 1076 ; # 1072 ; # 1074 ; # 1072 ; # 1090 ; # 1100 ; # 1087 ; # 1086 ; # 1074 ; # 1089 ; # 1102 ; # 1076 ; # 1091 ; # 1074 ; # 1093 ; # 1088 ; # 1080 ; # 1089 ; # 1090 ; # 1080 ; # 1072 ; # 1085 ; # 1089 ; # 1082 ; # 1086 ; # 1084 ; # 1084 ; # 1080 ; # 1088 ; # 1077 ; . # 1054 ; # 1088 ; # 1075 ; # 1072 ; # 1085 ; # 1080 ; # 1079 ; # 1072 ; # 1094 ; # 1080 ; # 1103 ; # 1050 ; # 1077 ; # 1084 ; # 1073 ; # 1088 ; # 1080 ; # 1076 ; # 1078 ; # 1103 ; # 1074 ; # 1083 ; # 1103 ; # 1077 ; # 1090 ; # 1089 ; # 1103 ; # 1082 ; # 1086 ; # 1083 ; # 1083 ; # 1077 ; # 1075 ; # 1080 ; # 1072 ; # 1083 ; # 1100 ; # 1085 ; # 1099 ; # 1084 ; # 1091 ; # 1085 ; # 1080 ; # 1074 ; # 1077 ; # 1088 ; # 1089 ; # 1080 ; # 1090 ; # 1077 ; # 1090 ; # 1086 ; # 1084 ; , # 1086 ; # 1079 ; # 1085 ; # 1072 ; # 1095 ; # 1072 ; # 1077 ; # 1090 ; , # 1095 ; # 1090 ; # 1086 ; # 1086 ; # 1085 ; # 1089 ; # 1086 ; # 1089 ; # 1090 ; # 1086 ; # 1080 ; # 1090 ; # 1080 ; # 1079 ; # 1089 ; # 1072 ; # 1084 ; # 1086 ; # 1091 ; # 1087 ; # 1088 ; # 1072 ; # 1074 ; # 1083 ; # 1103 ; # 1102 ; # 1097 ; # 1080 ; # 1093 ; # 1089 ; # 1103 ; # 1080 ; # 1085 ; # 1077 ; # 1079 ; # 1072 ; # 1074 ; # 1080 ; # 1089 ; # 1080 ; # 1084 ; # 1099 ; # 1093 ; # 1082 ; # 1086 ; # 1083 ; # 1083 ; # 1077 ; # 1076 ; # 1 078 ; # 1077 ; # 1081 ; , # 1082 ; # 1072 ; # 1078 ; # 1076 ; # 1099 ; # 1081 ; # 1089 ; # 1086 ; # 1089 ; # 1074 ; # 1086 ; # 1080 ; # 1084 ; # 1089 ; # 1086 ; # 1073 ; # 1089 ; # 1090 ; # 1074 ; # 1077 ; # 1085 ; # 1085 ; # 1099 ; # 1084 ; # 1080 ; # 1084 ; # 1091 ; # 1097 ; # 1077 ; # 1089 ; # 1090 ; # 1074 ; # 1086 ; # 1084 ; # 1080 ; # 1076 ; # 1086 ; # 1093 ; # 1086 ; # 1076 ; # 1072 ; # 1084 ; # 1080 ; . # 1060 ; # 1072 ; # 1082 ; # 1091 ; # 1083 ; # 1100 ; # 1090 ; # 1077 ; # 1090 ; # 1099 ; # 1085 ; # 1077 ; # 1089 ; # 1091 ; # 1090 ; # 1086 ; # 1090 ; # 1074 ; # 1077 ; # 1090 ; # 1089 ; # 1090 ; # 1074 ; # 1077 ; # 1085 ; # 1085 ; # 1086 ; # 1089 ; # 1090 ; # 1100 ; # 1079 ; # 1072 ; # 1086 ; # 1073 ; # 1077 ; # 1089 ; # 1087 ; # 1077 ; # 1095 ; # 1077 ; # 1085 ; # 1080 ; # 1077 ; # 1090 ; # 1086 ; # 1075 ; # 1086 ; , # 1095 ; # 1090 ; # 1086 ; # 1073 ; # 1099 ; # 1095 ; # 1080 ; # 1090 ; # 1072 ; # 1083 ; # 1080 ; # 1089 ; # 1100 ; # 1083 ; # 1077 ; # 1082 ; # 1094 ; # 1080 ; # 1080 ; , # 1086 ; # 1088 ; # 1075 ; # 1072 ; # 1085 ; # 1080 ; # 1079 ; # 1086 ; # 1074 ; # 1099 ; # 1074 ; # 1072 ; # 1083 ; # 1080 ; # 1089 ; # 1100 ; # 1089 ; # 1077 ; # 1084 ; # 1080 ; # 1085 ; # 1072 ; # 1088 ; # 1099 ; , # 1087 ; # 1088 ; # 1086 ; # 1074 ; # 1086 ; # 1076 ; # 1080 ; # 1083 ; # 1080 ; # 1089 ; # 1100 ; # 1080 ; # 1089 ; # 1089 ; # 1083 ; # 1077 ; # 1076 ; # 1086 ; # 1074 ; # 1072 ; # 1085 ; # 1080 ; # 1103 ; # 1080 ; # 1086 ; # 1087 ; # 1088 ; # 1077 ; # 1076 ; # 1077 ; # 1083 ; # 1077 ; # 1085 ; # 1080 ; # 1103 ; # 1091 ; # 1095 ; # 1077 ; # 1073 ; # 1085 ; # 1099 ; # 1093 ; # 1087 ; # 1088 ; # 1086 ; # 1075 ; # 1088 ; # 1072 ; # 1084 ; # 1084 ; # 1076 ; # 1083 ; # 1103 ; # 1086 ; # 1073 ; # 1091 ; # 1095 ; # 1077 ; # 1085 ; # 1080 ; # 1103 ; , # 1087 ; # 1086 ; # 1076 ; # 1082 ; # 1086 ; # 1085 ; # 1090 ; # 1088 ; # 1086 ; # 1083 ; # 1077 ; # 1084 ; # 1043 ; # 1077 ; # 1085 ; # 1077 ; # 1088 ; # 1072 ; # 1083 ; # 1100 ; # 1085 ; # 1086 ; # 1075 ; # 1086 ; # 1089 ; # 1086 ; # 1074 ; # 1077 ; # 1090 ; # 1072 ; . # 1058 ; # 1072 ; # 1082 ; # 1080 ; # 1077 ; # 1086 ; # 1073 ; # 1098 ; # 1077 ; # 1082 ; # 1090 ; # 1099 ; , # 1082 ; # 1072 ; # 1082 ; # 1073 ; # 1080 ; # 1073 ; # 1083 ; # 1080 ; # 1086 ; # 1090 ; # 1077 ; # 1082 ; # 1080 ; # 1087 ; # 1088 ; # 1077 ; # 1076 ; # 1086 ; # 1089 ; # 1090 ; # 1072 ; # 1074 ; # 1083 ; # 1103 ; # 1102 ; # 1090 ; # 1089 ; # 1103 ; # 1085 ; # 1072 ; # 1074 ; # 1089 ; # 1077 ; # 1093 ; # 1101 ; # 1090 ; # 1080 ; # 1093 ; # 1091 ; # 1088 ; # 1086 ; # 1074 ; # 1085 ; # 1103 ; # 1093 ; : # 1086 ; # 1090 ; # 1091 ; # 1085 ; # 1080 ; # 1074 ; # 1077 ; # 1088 ; # 1089 ; # 1080 ; # 1090 ; # 1077 ; # 1090 ; # 1072 ; ( CambridgeUniversityLibrary ) , # 1074 ; # 1086 ; # 1090 ; # 1076 ; # 1077 ; # 1083 ; # 1099 ; ( # 1074 ; # 1077 ; # 1076 ; # 1086 ; # 1084 ; # 1089 ; # 1090 ; # 1074 ; # 1077 ; # 1085 ; # 1085 ; # 1099 ; # 1093 ; # 1073 ; # 1080 ; # 1073 ; # 1083 ; # 1080 ; # 1086 ; # 1090 ; # 1077 ; # 1082 ; , # 1090 ; # 1072 ; # 1082 ; # 1080 ; # 1093 ; # 1082 ; # 1072 ; # 1082 ; # 1057 ; # 1082 ; # 1074 ; # 1072 ; # 1081 ; # 1088 ; # 1070 ; # 1088 ; # 1080 ; # 1076 ; # 1080 ; # 1095 ; # 1077 ; # 1089 ; # 1082 ; # 1072 ; # 1103 ; # 1073 ; # 1080 ; # 1073 ; # 1083 ; # 1080 ; # 1086 ; # 1090 ; # 1077 ; # 1082 ; # 1072 ; ) , # 1080 ; # 1086 ; # 1090 ; # 1076 ; # 1077 ; # 1083 ; # 1100 ; # 1085 ; # 1099 ; # 1093 ; # 1082 ; # 1086 ; # 1083 ; # 1083 ; # 1077 ; # 1076 ; # 1078 ; # 1077 ; # 1081 ; . # 1050 ; # 1086 ; # 1083 ; # 1083 ; # 1077 ; # 1076 ; # 1078 ; # 1080 ; # 1042 ; # 1089 ; # 1077 ; # 1089 ; # 1090 ; # 1091 ; # 1076 ; # 1077 ; # 1085 ; # 1090 ; # 1099 ; # 1080 ; # 1084 ; # 1085 ; # 1086 ; # 1075 ; # 1080 ; # 1077 ; # 1080 ; # 1079 ; # 1091 ; # 1095 ; # 1077 ; # 1085 ; # 1099 ; # 1093 ; # 1087 ; # 1088 ; # 1080 ; # 1077 ; # 1079 ; # 1078 ; # 1072 ; # 1102 ; # 1090 ; # 1074 ; # 1082 ; # 1086 ; # 1083 ; # 1083 ; # 1077 ; # 1076 ; # 1078 ; # 1080 ; , # 1075 ; # 1076 ; # 1077 ; # 1086 ; # 1085 ; # 1080 ; # 1086 ; # 1073 ; # 1097 ; # 1072 ; # 1102 ; # 1090 ; # 1089 ; # 1103 ; . # 1069 ; # 1090 ; # 1086 ; # 1084 ; # 1077 ; # 1089 ; # 1090 ; # 1086 ; , # 1075 ; # 1076 ; # 1077 ; # 1089 ; # 1090 ; # 1091 ; # 1076 ; # 1077 ; # 1085 ; # 1090 ; # 1099 ; # 1086 ; # 1073 ; # 1098 ; # 1077 ; # 1076 ; # 1080 ; # 1085 ; # 1103 ; # 1102 ; # 1090 ; # 1089 ; # 1103 ; # 1074 ; # 1084 ; # 1072 ; # 1083 ; # 1099 ; # 1077 ; # 1075 ; # 1088 ; # 1091 ; # 1087 ; # 1087 ; # 1099 ; # 1076 ; # 1083 ; # 1103 ; # 1091 ; # 1095 ; # 1077 ; # 1085 ; # 1080 ; # 1077 ; # 1089 ; # 1077 ; # 1089 ; # 1089 ; # 1080 ; # 1080 ; . # 1050 ; # 1072 ; # 1078 ; # 1076 ; # 1099 ; # 1081 ; # 1082 ; # 1086 ; # 1083 ; # 1083 ; # 1077 ; # 1076 ; # 1078 ; # 1085 ; # 1072 ; # 1079 ; # 1085 ; # 1072 ; # 1095 ; # 1072 ; # 1077 ; # 1090 ; # 1089 ; # 1074 ; # 1086 ; # 1081 ; # 1087 ; # 1077 ; # 1088 ; # 1089 ; # 1086 ; # 1085 ; # 1072 ; # 1083 ; # 1080 ; # 1086 ; # 1073 ; # 1091 ; # 1095 ; # 1077 ; # 1085 ; # 1080 ; # 1077 ; # 1089 ; # 1090 ; # 1080 ; # 1087 ; # 1077 ; # 1085 ; # 1076 ; # 1080 ; # 1072 ; # 1090 ; # 1086 ; # 1074 ; # 1087 ; # 1086 ; # 1082 ; # 1072 ; # 1078 ; # 1076 ; # 1086 ; # 1084 ; # 1091 ; # 1087 ; # 1088 ; # 1077 ; # 1076 ; # 1084 ; # 1077 ; # 1090 ; # 1091 ; , # 1088 ; # 1077 ; # 1096 ; # 1072 ; # 1077 ; # 1090 ; , # 1082 ; # 1072 ; # 1082 ; # 1080 ; # 1077 ; # 1089 ; # 1090 ; # 1091 ; # 1076 ; # 1077 ; # 1085 ; # 1090 ; # 1099 ; # 1073 ; # 1091 ; # 1076 ; # 1091 ; # 1090 ; # 1087 ; # 1088 ; # 1080 ; # 1079 ; # 1085 ; # 1072 ; # 1085 ; # 1099 ; , # 1074 ; # 1089 ; # 1086 ; # 1086 ; # 1090 ; # 1074 ; # 1077 ; # 1090 ; # 1089 ; # 1090 ; # 1074 ; # 1080 ; # 1080 ; # 1089 ; # 1091 ; # 1085 ; # 1080 ; # 1074 ; # 1077 ; # 1088 ; # 1089 ; # 1080 ; # 1090 ; # 1077 ; # 1090 ; # 1089 ; # 1082 ; # 1080 ; # 1084 ; # 1080 ; # 1087 ; # 1088 ; # 1072 ; # 1074 ; # 1080 ; # 1083 ; # 1072 ; # 1084 ; # 1080 ; ; # 1086 ; # 1073 ; # 1077 ; # 1089 ; # 1087 ; # 1077 ; # 1095 ; # 1080 ; # 1074 ; # 1072 ; # 1077 ; # 1090 ; # 1085 ; # 1077 ; # 1073 ; # 1086 ; # 1083 ; # 1100 ; # 1096 ; # 1086 ; # 1081 ; # 1075 ; # 1088 ; # 1091 ; # 1087 ; # 1087 ; # 1077 ; # 1086 ; # 1073 ; # 1091 ; # 1095 ; # 1077 ; # 1085 ; # 1080 ; # 1103 ; # 1089 ; # 1077 ; # 1089 ; # 108 9 ; # 1080 ; # 1081 ; # 1076 ; # 1083 ; # 1103 ; # 1089 ; # 1090 ; # 1091 ; # 1076 ; # 1077 ; # 1085 ; # 1090 ; # 1086 ; # 1074 ; , # 1072 ; # 1090 ; # 1072 ; # 1082 ; # 1078 ; # 1077 ; # 1085 ; # 1077 ; # 1089 ; # 1077 ; # 1090 ; # 1086 ; # 1090 ; # 1074 ; # 1077 ; # 1090 ; # 1089 ; # 1090 ; # 1074 ; # 1077 ; # 1085 ; # 1085 ; # 1086 ; # 1089 ; # 1090 ; # 1100 ; # 1079 ; # 1072 ; # 1074 ; # 1085 ; # 1091 ; # 1090 ; # 1088 ; # 1077 ; # 1085 ; # 1085 ; # 1080 ; # 1077 ; # 1084 ; # 1077 ; # 1093 ; # 1072 ; # 1085 ; # 1080 ; # 1079 ; # 1084 ; # 1099 ; # 1080 ; # 1073 ; # 1083 ; # 1072 ; # 1075 ; # 1086 ; # 1089 ; # 1086 ; # 1089 ; # 1090 ; # 1086 ; # 1103 ; # 1085 ; # 1080 ; # 1077 ; # 1089 ; # 1074 ; # 1086 ; # 1080 ; # 1093 ; # 1089 ; # 1086 ; # 1073 ; # 1089 ; # 1090 ; # 1074 ; # 1077 ; # 1085 ; # 1085 ; # 1099 ; # 1093 ; # 1089 ; # 1090 ; # 1091 ; # 1076 ; # 1077 ; # 1085 ; # 1090 ; # 1086 ; # 1074 ; , # 1074 ; # 1099 ; # 1087 ; # 1091 ; # 1089 ; # 1082 ; # 1085 ; # 1080 ; # 1082 ; # 1086 ; # 1074 ; , # 1087 ; # 1086 ; # 1089 ; # 1083 ; # 1077 ; # 1079 ; # 1072 ; # 1097 ; # 1080 ; # 1090 ; # 1099 ; # 1076 ; # 1086 ; # 1082 ; # 1090 ; # 1086 ; # 1088 ; # 1089 ; # 1082 ; # 1086 ; # 1081 ; # 1080 ; # 1089 ; # 1089 ; # 1083 ; # 1077 ; # 1076 ; # 1086 ; # 1074 ; # 1072 ; # 1090 ; # 1077 ; # 1083 ; # 1077 ; # 1081 ; , # 1080 ; # 1089 ; # 1086 ; # 1090 ; # 1088 ; # 1091 ; # 1076 ; # 1085 ; # 1080 ; # 1082 ; # 1086 ; # 1074 ; # 1074 ; # 1094 ; # 1077 ; # 1083 ; # 1086 ; # 1084 ; . # 1050 ; # 1077 ; # 1084 ; # 1073 ; # 1088 ; # 1080 ; # 1076 ; # 1078 ; # 1089 ; # 1082 ; # 1080 ; # 1081 ; # 1091 ; # 1085 ; # 1080 ; # 1074 ; # 1077 ; # 1088 ; # 1089 ; # 1080 ; # 1090 ; # 1077 ; # 1090 ; # 1074 ; # 1085 ; # 1072 ; # 1089 ; # 1090 ; # 1086 ; # 1103 ; # 1097 ; # 1077 ; # 1077 ; # 1074 ; # 1088 ; # 1077 ; # 1084 ; # 1103 ; # 1080 ; # 1084 ; # 1077 ; # 1077 ; # 1090 ; 31 # 1082 ; # 1086 ; # 1083 ; # 1083 ; # 1077 ; # 1076 ; # 1078 ; # 1077 ; # 1081 ; , # 1080 ; # 1079 ; # 1082 ; # 1086 ; # 1090 ; # 1086 ; # 1088 ; # 1099 ; # 1093 ; # 1090 ; # 1088 ; # 1080 ; , # 1052 ; # 1102 ; # 1088 ; # 1088 ; # 1077 ; # 1081 ; # 1069 ; # 1076 ; # 1074 ; # 1072 ; # 1088 ; # 1076 ; # 1089 ; , # 1053 ; # 1100 ; # 1102 ; # 1085 ; # 1093 ; # 1077 ; # 1084 ; # 1080 ; # 1051 ; # 1102 ; # 1089 ; # 1080 ; # 1050 ; # 1072 ; # 1074 ; # 1077 ; # 1085 ; # 1076 ; # 1080 ; # 1096 ; , # 1076 ; # 1086 ; # 1087 ; # 1091 ; # 1089 ; # 1082 ; # 1072 ; # 1102 ; # 1090 ; # 1090 ; # 1086 ; # 1083 ; # 1100 ; # 1082 ; # 1086 ; # 1078 ; # 1077 ; # 1085 ; # 1097 ; # 1080 ; # 1085 ; # 1099 ; . # 1044 ; # 1088 ; # 1091 ; # 1075 ; # 1080 ; # 1077 ; # 1082 ; # 1086 ; # 1083 ; # 1083 ; # 1077 ; # 1076 ; # 1078 ; # 1080 ; # 1089 ; # 1084 ; # 1077 ; # 1096 ; # 1072 ; # 1085 ; # 1099 ; , # 1093 ; # 1086 ; # 1090 ; # 1103 ; # 1073 ; # 1086 ; # 1083 ; # 1100 ; # 1096 ; # 1080 ; # 1085 ; # 1089 ; # 1090 ; # 1074 ; # 1086 ; # 1080 ; # 1079 ; # 1085 ; # 1080 ; # 1093 ; # 1080 ; # 1079 ; # 1085 ; # 1072 ; # 1095 ; # 1072 ; # 1083 ; # 1100 ; # 1085 ; # 1086 ; # 1076 ; # 1083 ; # 1103 ; # 1084 ; # 1091 ; # 1078 ; # 1095 ; # 1080 ; # 1085 ; . # 1044 ; # 1072 ; # 1088 ; # 1074 ; # 1080 ; # 1085 ; # 1073 ; # 1099 ; # 1083 ; # 1087 ; # 1077 ; # 1088 ; # 1074 ; # 1099 ; # 1081 ; # 1082 ; # 1086 ; # 1083 ; # 1083 ; # 1077 ; # 1076 ; # 1078 ; # 1074 ; # 1082 ; # 1086 ; # 1090 ; # 1086 ; # 1088 ; # 1086 ; # 1084 ; # 1091 ; # 1095 ; # 1080 ; # 1083 ; # 1080 ; # 1089 ; # 1100 ; # 1084 ; # 1091 ; # 1078 ; # 1095 ; # 1080 ; # 1085 ; # 1099 ; # 1080 ; # 1078 ; # 1077 ; # 1085 ; # 1097 ; # 1080 ; # 1085 ; # 1099 ; , # 1074 ; # 1090 ; # 1086 ; # 1074 ; # 1088 ; # 1077 ; # 1084 ; # 1103 ; # 1063 ; # 1077 ; # 1088 ; # 1095 ; # 1080 ; # 1083 ; # 1083 ; # 1100 ; , # 1050 ; # 1083 ; # 1101 ; # 1088 ; # 1073 ; # 1099 ; # 1083 ; # 1080 ; # 1087 ; # 1077 ; # 1088 ; # 1074 ; # 1099 ; # 1084 ; # 1080 ; # 1084 ; # 1091 ; # 1078 ; # 1089 ; # 1082 ; # 1080 ; # 1084 ; # 1080 ; # 1082 ; # 1086 ; # 1083 ; # 1083 ; # 1077 ; # 1076 ; # 1078 ; # 1072 ; # 1084 ; # 1080 ; , # 1085 ; # 1086 ; # 1087 ; # 1088 ; # 1080 ; # 1079 ; # 1085 ; # 1072 ; # 1083 ; # 1080 ; # 1078 ; # 1077 ; # 1085 ; # 1097 ; # 1080 ; # 1085 ; # 1089 ; # 1090 ; # 1091 ; # 1076 ; # 1077 ; # 1085 ; # 1090 ; # 1086 ; # 1074 ; # 1074 ; 1972 # 1075 ; # 1086 ; # 1076 ; # 1091 ; . # 1052 ; # 1072 ; # 1075 ; # 1076 ; # 1072 ; # 1083 ; # 1080 ; # 1085 ; # 1072 ; # 1073 ; # 1099 ; # 1083 ; # 1087 ; # 1086 ; # 1089 ; # 1083 ; # 1077 ; # 1076 ; # 1085 ; # 1080 ; # 1081 ; # 1084 ; # 1091 ; # 1078 ; # 1089 ; # 1082 ; # 1086 ; # 1081 ; # 1082 ; # 1086 ; # 1083 ; # 1083 ; # 1077 ; # 1076 ; # 1078 ; , # 1080 ; # 1089 ; # 1090 ; # 1072 ; # 1083 ; # 1089 ; # 1084 ; # 1077 ; # 1096 ; # 1072 ; # 1085 ; # 1085 ; # 1099 ; # 1084 ; # 1074 ; 1988 # 1075 ; # 1086 ; # 1076 ; # 1091 ; . # 1042 ; # 1050 ; # 1083 ; # 1101 ; # 1088 ; # 1061 ; # 1086 ; # 1083 ; # 1083 ; # 1080 ; # 1044 ; # 1072 ; # 1088 ; # 1074 ; # 1080 ; # 1085 ; # 1076 ; # 1086 ; # 1087 ; # 1091 ; # 1089 ; # 1082 ; # 1072 ; # 1102 ; # 1090 ; # 1089 ; # 1103 ; # 1090 ; # 1086 ; # 1083 ; # 1100 ; # 1082 ; # 1086 ; # 1072 ; # 1089 ; # 1087 ; # 1080 ; # 1088 ; # 1072 ; # 1085 ; # 1090 ; # 1099 ; , # 1080 ; # 1061 ; # 1100 ; # 1102 ; # 1079 ; # 1061 ; # 1086 ; # 1083 ; # 1083 ; , # 1051 ; # 1102 ; # 1089 ; # 1080 ; # 1050 ; # 1072 ; # 1074 ; # 1077 ; # 1085 ; # 1076 ; # 1080 ; # 1096 ; , # 1057 ; # 1072 ; # 1085 ; # 1082 ; # 1090 ; # 1069 ; # 1076 ; # 1084 ; # 1091 ; # 1085 ; # 1076 ; # 1080 ; # 1042 ; # 1091 ; # 1083 ; # 1092 ; # 1089 ; # 1086 ; # 1085 ; # 1087 ; # 1088 ; # 1080 ; # 1079 ; # 1085 ; # 1072 ; # 1102 ; # 1090 ; onlymature ( # 1090 ; . # 1077 ; . # 1086 ; # 1090 ; 21 # 1083 ; # 1077 ; # 1090 ; # 1080 ; # 1089 ; # 1090 ; # 1072 ; # 1088 ; # 1096 ; # 1077 ; ) # 1089 ; # 1090 ; # 1091 ; # 1076 ; # 1077 ; # 1085 ; # 1090 ; # 1086 ; # 1074 ; , # 1074 ; # 1090 ; # 1086 ; # 1084 ; # 1095 ; # 1080 ; # 1089 ; # 1083 ; # 1077 ; # 1072 ; # 1089 ; # 1087 ; # 1080 ; # 1088 ; # 1072 ; # 1085 ; # 1090 ; # 1086 ; # 1074 ; . # 1042 ; # 1089 ; # 1077 ; # 1076 ; # 1088 ; # 1091 ; # 1075 ; # 1080 ; # 1077 ; # 1082 ; # 1086 ; # 1083 ; # 1083 ; # 1077 ; # 1076 ; # 1078 ; # 1080 ; # 1073 ; # 1077 ; # 1079 ; # 1074 ; # 1086 ; # 1079 ; # 1088 ; # 1072 ; # 1089 ; # 1090 ; # 1085 ; # 1099 ; # 1093 ; # 1086 ; # 1075 ; # 1088 ; # 1072 ; # 1085 ; # 1080 ; # 1095 ; # 1077 ; # 1085 ; # 1080 ; # 1081 ; . # 1050 ; # 1086 ; # 1083 ; # 1083 ; # 1077 ; # 1076 ; # 1078 ; # 1080 ; # 1085 ; # 1077 ; # 1086 ; # 1073 ; # 1103 ; # 1079 ; # 1072 ; # 1085 ; # 1099 ; # 1087 ; # 1088 ; # 1080 ; # 1085 ; # 1080 ; # 1084 ; # 1072 ; # 1090 ; # 1100 ; # 1089 ; # 1090 ; # 1091 ; # 1076 ; # 1077 ; # 1085 ; # 1090 ; # 1086 ; # 1074 ; # 1087 ; # 1086 ; # 1074 ; # 1089 ; # 1077 ; # 1084 ; # 1087 ; # 1088 ; # 1077 ; # 1076 ; # 1084 ; # 1077 ; # 1090 ; # 1072 ; # 1084 ; , # 1074 ; # 1085 ; # 1077 ; # 1082 ; # 1086 ; # 1090 ; # 1086 ; # 1088 ; # 1099 ; # 1093 ; # 1082 ; # 1086 ; # 1083 ; # 1083 ; # 1077 ; # 1076 ; # 1078 ; # 1072 ; # 1093 ; # 1085 ; # 1077 ; # 1087 ; # 1088 ; # 1077 ; # 1076 ; # 1083 ; # 1072 ; # 1075 ; # 1072 ; # 1102 ; # 1090 ; # 1090 ; # 1072 ; # 1082 ; # 1080 ; # 1093 ; # 1087 ; # 1088 ; # 1077 ; # 1076 ; # 1084 ; # 1077 ; # 1090 ; # 1086 ; # 1074 ; , # 1082 ; # 1072 ; # 1082 ; # 1072 ; # 1088 ; # 1093 ; # 1080 ; # 1090 ; # 1077 ; # 1082 ; # 1090 ; # 1091 ; # 1088 ; # 1072 ; , # 1080 ; # 1089 ; # 1090 ; # 1086 ; # 1088 ; # 1080 ; # 1103 ; # 1080 ; # 1089 ; # 1082 ; # 1091 ; # 1089 ; # 1089 ; # 1090 ; # 1074 ; # 1080 ; # 1090 ; # 1077 ; # 1086 ; # 1083 ; # 1086 ; # 1075 ; # 1080 ; # 1080 ; , # 1085 ; # 1086 ; # 1073 ; # 1086 ; # 1083 ; # 1100 ; # 1096 ; # 1080 ; # 1085 ; # 1089 ; # 1090 ; # 1074 ; # 1086 ; # 1087 ; # 1088 ; # 1077 ; # 1076 ; # 1083 ; # 1072 ; # 1075 ; # 1072 ; # 1102 ; # 1090 ; # 1087 ; # 1086 ; # 1095 ; # 1090 ; # 1080 ; # 1087 ; # 1086 ; # 1083 ; # 1085 ; # 1099 ; # 1081 ; # 1072 ; # 1089 ; # 1089 ; # 1086 ; # 1088 ; # 1090 ; # 1080 ; # 1084 ; # 1077 ; # 1085 ; # 1090 ; . # 1053 ; # 1077 ; # 1082 ; # 1086 ; # 1090 ; # 1086 ; # 1088 ; # 1099 ; # 1077 ; # 1082 ; # 1086 ; # 1083 ; # 1083 ; # 1077 ; # 1076 ; # 1078 ; # 1080 ; # 1089 ; # 1086 ; # 1093 ; # 1088 ; # 1072 ; # 1085 ; # 1080 ; # 1083 ; # 1080 ; # 1089 ; # 1082 ; # 1083 ; # 1086 ; # 1085 ; # 1085 ; # 1086 ; # 1089 ; # 1090 ; # 1100 ; # 1082 ; # 1086 ; # 1087 ; # 1088 ; # 1077 ; # 1076 ; # 1077 ; # 1083 ; # 1077 ; # 1085 ; # 1085 ; # 1099 ; # 1084 ; # 1087 ; # 1088 ; # 1077 ; # 1076 ; # 1084 ; # 1077 ; # 1090 ; # 1072 ; # 1084 ; , # 1085 ; # 1072 ; # 1087 ; # 1088 ; # 1080 ; # 1084 ; # 1077 ; # 1088 ; , # 1089 ; # 1063 ; # 1077 ; # 1088 ; # 1095 ; # 1080 ; # 1083 ; # 1083 ; # 1077 ; # 1084 ; # 1089 ; # 1082 ; # 1083 ; # 1086 ; # 1085 ; # 1103 ; # 1077 ; # 1090 ; # 1089 ; # 1103 ; # 1082 ; # 1085 ; # 1072 ; # 1091 ; # 1082 ; # 1072 ; # 1084 ; # 1080 ; # 1090 ; # 1077 ; # 1093 ; # 1085 ; # 1080 ; # 1082 ; # 1077 ; , # 1074 ; # 1090 ; # 1086 ; # 1074 ; # 1088 ; # 1077 ; # 1084 ; # 1103 ; # 1082 ; # 1072 ; # 1082 ; # 1076 ; # 1088 ; # 1091 ; # 1075 ; # 1080 ; # 1077 ; , # 1090 ; # 1072 ; # 1082 ; # 1080 ; # 1077 ; # 1082 ; # 1072 ; # 1082 ; # 1057 ; # 1072 ; # 1085 ; # 1082 ; # 1090 ; # 1050 ; # 1072 ; # 1090 ; # 1072 ; # 1088 ; # 1080 ; # 1085 ; # 1072 ; # 1089 ; # 1073 ; # 1072 ; # 1083 ; # 1072 ; # 1085 ; # 1089 ; # 1080 ; # 1088 ; # 1086 ; # 1074 ; # 1072 ; # 1085 ; # 1099 ; . # 1062 ; # 1077 ; # 1085 ; # 1099 ; # 1076 ; # 1083 ; # 1103 ; # 1089 ; # 1090 ; # 1091 ; # 1076 ; # 1077 ; # 1085 ; # 1090 ; # 1086 ; # 1074 ; ( # 1087 ; # 1088 ; # 1086 ; # 1078 ; # 1080 ; # 1074 ; # 1072 ; # 1085 ; # 1080 ; # 1077 ; # 1080 ; # 1094 ; # 1077 ; # 1085 ; # 1099 ; # 1085 ; # 1072 ; # 1087 ; # 1088 ; # 1086 ; # 1076 ; # 1091 ; # 1082 ; # 1090 ; # 1099 ; # 1087 ; # 1080 ; # 1090 ; # 1072 ; # 1085 ; # 1080 ; # 1103 ; ) # 1079 ; # 1085 ; # 1072 ; # 1095 ; # 1080 ; # 1090 ; # 1077 ; # 1083 ; # 1100 ; # 1085 ; # 1086 ; # 1086 ; # 1090 ; # 1083 ; # 1080 ; # 1095 ; # 1072 ; # 1102 ; # 1090 ; # 1089 ; # 1103 ; # 1086 ; # 1090 ; # 1082 ; # 1086 ; # 1083 ; # 1083 ; # 1077 ; # 1076 ; # 1078 ; # 1072 ; # 1074 ; # 1082 ; # 1086 ; # 1083 ; # 1083 ; # 1077 ; # 1076 ; # 1078 ; # 1077 ; . # 1045 ; # 1089 ; # 1090 ; # 1100 ; # 1090 ; # 1072 ; # 1082 ; # 1078 ; # 1077 ; # 1085 ; # 1077 ; # 1089 ; # 1082 ; # 1086 ; # 1083 ; # 1100 ; # 1082 ; # 1086 ; # 1073 ; # 1086 ; # 1075 ; # 1086 ; # 1089 ; # 1083 ; # 1086 ; # 1074 ; # 1089 ; # 1082 ; # 1080 ; # 1093 ; # 1082 ; # 1086 ; # 1083 ; # 1083 ; # 1077 ; # 1076 ; # 1078 ; # 1077 ; # 1081 ; # 1074 ; # 1050 ; # 1077 ; # 1084 ; # 1073 ; # 1088 ; # 1080 ; # 1076 ; # 1078 ; # 1077 ; , # 1074 ; # 1090 ; # 1086 ; # 1084 ; # 1095 ; # 1080 ; # 1089 ; # 1083 ; # 1077 ; # 1059 ; # 1101 ; # 1089 ; # 1090 ; # 1082 ; # 1086 ; # 1090 ; # 1090 ; # 1044 ; # 1086 ; # 1084 ; , # 1042 ; # 1077 ; # 1089 ; # 1090 ; # 1084 ; # 1080 ; # 1085 ; # 1089 ; # 1090 ; # 1077 ; # 1088 ; # 1089 ; # 1082 ; # 1080 ; # 1081 ; # 1082 ; # 1086 ; # 1083 ; # 1083 ; # 1077 ; # 1076 ; # 1078 ; # 1080 ; # 1056 ; # 1080 ; # 1076 ; # 1083 ; # 1080 ; # 1079 ; # 1072 ; # 1083 ; # 1077 ; # 1090 ; # 1077 ; # 1086 ; # 1083 ; # 1086 ; # 1075 ; # 1080 ; # 1095 ; # 1077 ; # 1089 ; # 1082 ; # 1086 ; # 1075 ; # 1086 ; # 1082 ; # 1086 ; # 1083 ; # 1083 ; # 1077 ; # 1076 ; # 1078 ; # 1072 ; , # 1082 ; # 1086 ; # 1090 ; # 1086 ; # 1088 ; # 1099 ; # 1077 ; # 1074 ; # 1093 ; # 1086 ; # 1076 ; # 1103 ; # 1090 ; # 1074 ; # 1089 ; # 1086 ; # 1089 ; # 1090 ; # 1072 ; # 1074 ; # 1091 ; # 1085 ; # 1080 ; # 1074 ; # 1077 ; # 1088 ; # 1089 ; # 1080 ; # 1090 ; # 1077 ; # 1090 ; # 1072 ; # 1080 ; # 1103 ; # 1074 ; # 1083 ; # 1103 ; # 1102 ; # 1090 ; # 1089 ; # 1103 ; # 1095 ; # 1083 ; # 1077 ; # 1085 ; # 1072 ; # 1084 ; # 1080 ; # 1050 ; # 1077 ; # 1084 ; # 1073 ; # 1088 ; # 1080 ; # 1076 ; # 1078 ; # 1044 ; # 1091 ; # 1093 ; # 1086 ; # 1074 ; # 1085 ; # 1086 ; # 1081 ; # 1060 ; # 1077 ; # 1076 ; # 1077 ; # 1088 ; # 1072 ; # 1094 ; # 1080 ; # 1080 ; . # 1055 ; # 1088 ; # 1077 ; # 1087 ; # 1086 ; # 1076 ; # 1072 ; # 1074 ; # 1072 ; # 1085 ; # 1080 ; # 1077 ; # 1054 ; # 1089 ; # 1085 ; # 1086 ; # 1074 ; # 1085 ; # 1099 ; # 1084 ; # 1084 ; # 1077 ; # 1090 ; # 1086 ; # 1076 ; # 1086 ; # 1084 ; # 1086 ; # 1073 ; # 1091 ; # 1095 ; # 1077 ; # 1085 ; # 1080 ; # 1103 ; # 1074 ; # 1082 ; # 1086 ; # 1083 ; # 1083 ; # 1077 ; # 1076 ; # 1078 ; # 1072 ; # 1093 ; # 1050 ; # 1077 ; # 1084 ; # 1073 ; # 1088 ; # 1080 ; # 1076 ; # 1078 ; # 1085 ; # 1072 ; # 1076 ; # 1079 ; # 1086 ; # 1088 ; . # 1069 ; # 1090 ; # 1086 ; , # 1082 ; # 1072 ; # 1082 ; # 1087 ; # 1088 ; # 1072 ; # 1074 ; # 1080 ; # 1083 ; # 1086 ; , # 1077 ; # 1078 ; # 1077 ; # 1085 ; # 1077 ; # 1076 ; # 1077 ; # 1083 ; # 1100 ; # 1085 ; # 1086 ; # 1095 ; # 1072 ; # 1089 ; # 1086 ; # 1074 ; # 1099 ; # 1077 ; # 1089 ; # 1077 ; # 1072 ; # 1085 ; # 1089 ; # 1099 ; , # 1074 ; # 1082 ; # 1086 ; # 1090 ; # 1086 ; # 1088 ; # 1099 ; # 1093 ; # 1085 ; # 1077 ; # 1073 ; # 1086 ; # 1083 ; # 1100 ; # 1096 ; # 1080 ; # 1077 ; # 1075 ; # 1088 ; # 1091 ; # 1087 ; # 1087 ; # 1099 ; # 1089 ; # 1090 ; # 1091 ; # 1076 ; # 1077 ; # 1085 ; # 1090 ; # 1086 ; # 1074 ; # 1082 ; # 1072 ; # 1082 ; # 1087 ; # 1088 ; # 1072 ; # 1074 ; # 1080 ; # 1083 ; # 1086 ; , # 1086 ; # 1090 ; # 1086 ; # 1076 ; # 1085 ; # 1086 ; # 1075 ; # 1086 ; # 1076 ; # 1086 ; # 1090 ; # 1088 ; # 1077 ; # 1093 ; # 1074 ; # 1089 ; # 1090 ; # 1088 ; # 1077 ; # 1095 ; # 1072 ; # 1102 ; # 1090 ; # 1089 ; # 1103 ; # 1089 ; # 1095 ; # 1083 ; # 1077 ; # 1085 ; # 1072 ; # 1084 ; # 1080 ; # 1087 ; # 1088 ; # 1086 ; # 1092 ; # 1077 ; # 1089 ; # 1089 ; # 1086 ; # 1088 ; # 1089 ; # 1082 ; # 1086 ; # 1087 ; # 1088 ; # 1077 ; # 1087 ; # 1086 ; # 1076 ; # 1072 ; # 1074 ; # 1072 ; # 1090 ; # 1077 ; # 1083 ; # 1100 ; # 1089 ; # 1082 ; # 1086 ; # 1075 ; # 1086 ; # 1089 ; # 1086 ; # 1089 ; # 1090 ; # 1072 ; # 1074 ; # 1072 ; # 1091 ; # 1085 ; # 1080 ; # 1074 ; # 1077 ; # 1088 ; # 1089 ; # 1080 ; # 1090 ; # 1077 ; # 1090 ; # 1072 ; # 1080 ; # 1083 ; # 1080 ; # 1076 ; # 1077 ; # 1082 ; # 1086 ; # 1085 ; # 1072 ; # 1090 ; # 1072 ; . # 1057 ; # 1090 ; # 1091 ; # 1076 ; # 1077 ; # 1085 ; # 1090 ; # 1099 ; , # 1082 ; # 1072 ; # 1082 ; # 1087 ; # 1088 ; # 1072 ; # 1074 ; # 1080 ; # 1083 ; # 1086 ; , # 1085 ; # 1077 ; # 1086 ; # 1073 ; # 1093 ; # 1086 ; # 1076 ; # 1080 ; # 1084 ; # 1086 ; # 1076 ; # 1083 ; # 1103 ; # 1079 ; # 1072 ; # 1074 ; # 1077 ; # 1088 ; # 1096 ; # 1077 ; # 1085 ; # 1080 ; # 1103 ; # 1101 ; # 1089 ; # 1089 ; # 1077 ; # 1080 ; # 1083 ; # 1080 ; # 1085 ; # 1072 ; # 1079 ; # 1085 ; # 1072 ; # 1095 ; # 1077 ; # 1085 ; # 1080 ; # 1103 ; # 1076 ; # 1086 ; # 1085 ; # 1072 ; # 1076 ; # 1079 ; # 1086 ; # 1088 ; # 1072 ; , # 1082 ; # 1086 ; # 1090 ; # 1086 ; # 1088 ; # 1099 ; # 1077 ; # 1086 ; # 1085 ; # 1080 ; # 1073 ; # 1091 ; # 1076 ; # 1091 ; # 1090 ; # 1086 ; # 1073 ; # 1089 ; # 1091 ; # 1078 ; # 1076 ; # 1072 ; # 1090 ; # 1100 ; # 1089 ; # 1088 ; # 1091 ; # 1082 ; # 1086 ; # 1074 ; # 1086 ; # 1076 ; # 1080 ; # 1090 ; # 1077 ; # 1083 ; # 1077 ; # 1084 ; # 1074 ; # 1093 ; # 1086 ; # 1076 ; # 1077 ; # 1089 ; # 1077 ; # 1089 ; # 1089 ; # 1080 ; # 1080 ; , # 1072 ; # 1090 ; # 1072 ; # 1082 ; # 1078 ; # 1077 ; # 1083 ; # 1102 ; # 1073 ; # 1099 ; # 1077 ; # 1087 ; # 1088 ; # 1086 ; # 1073 ; # 1083 ; # 1077 ; # 1084 ; # 1099 ; # 1080 ; # 1083 ; # 1080 ; # 1090 ; # 1088 ; # 1091 ; # 1076 ; # 1085 ; # 1086 ; # 1089 ; # 1090 ; # 1080 ; , # 1082 ; # 1086 ; # 1090 ; # 1086 ; # 1088 ; # 1099 ; # 1077 ; # 1086 ; # 1085 ; # 1080 ; # 1080 ; # 1084 ; # 1077 ; # 1083 ; # 1080 ; # 1089 ; # 1084 ; # 1072 ; # 1090 ; # 1077 ; # 1088 ; # 1080 ; # 1072 ; # 1083 ; # 1072 ; # 1084 ; # 1080 ; , # 1087 ; # 1088 ; # 1077 ; # 1076 ; # 1089 ; # 1090 ; # 1072 ; # 1074 ; # 1083 ; # 1077 ; # 1085 ; # 1085 ; # 1099 ; # 1081 ; # 1085 ; # 1072 ; # 1101 ; # 1090 ; # 1086 ; # 1081 ; # 1083 ; # 1077 ; # 1082 ; # 1094 ; # 1080 ; # 1080 ; . # 1051 ; # 1077 ; # 1082 ; # 1094 ; # 1080 ; # 1080 ; # 1074 ; # 1050 ; # 1077 ; # 1084 ; # 1073 ; # 1088 ; # 1080 ; # 1076 ; # 1078 ; # 1077 ; # 1095 ; # 1072 ; # 1089 ; # 1090 ; # 1086 ; # 1086 ; # 1087 ; # 1080 ; # 1089 ; # 1099 ; # 1074 ; # 1072 ; # 1077 ; # 1090 ; # 1089 ; # 1103 ; # 1082 ; # 1072 ; # 1082 ; # 1087 ; # 1086 ; # 1095 ; # 1090 ; # 1080 ; # 1087 ; # 1088 ; # 1086 ; # 1089 ; # 1090 ; # 1086 ; # 1077 ; # 1085 ; # 1072 ; # 1073 ; # 1086 ; # 1083 ; # 1090 ; # 1072 ; # 1093 ; # 1085 ; # 1072 ; # 1101 ; # 1090 ; # 1080 ; # 1093 ; # 1085 ; # 1072 ; # 1073 ; # 1083 ; # 1102 ; # 1076 ; # 1077 ; # 1085 ; # 1080 ; # 1081 ; . # 1057 ; # 1090 ; # 1091 ; # 1076 ; # 1077 ; # 1085 ; # 1090 ; # 1099 ; # 1087 ; # 1086 ; # 1083 ; # 1091 ; # 1095 ; # 1072 ; # 1102 ; # 1090 ; # 1086 ; # 1090 ; # 1086 ; # 1076 ; # 1085 ; # 1086 ; # 1075 ; # 1086 ; # 1076 ; # 1086 ; # 1090 ; # 1088 ; # 1077 ; # 1093 ; # 1085 ; # 1072 ; # 1073 ; # 1083 ; # 1102 ; # 1076 ; # 1077 ; # 1085 ; # 1080 ; # 1081 ; # 1074 ; # 1085 ; # 1077 ; # 1076 ; # 1077 ; # 1083 ; # 1102 ; , # 1074 ; # 1079 ; # 1072 ; # 1074 ; # 1080 ; # 1089 ; # 1080 ; # 1084 ; # 1086 ; # 1089 ; # 1090 ; # 1080 ; # 1086 ; # 1090 ; # 1080 ; # 1093 ; # 1087 ; # 1088 ; # 1077 ; # 1076 ; # 1084 ; # 1077 ; # 1090 ; # 1072 ; . # 1069 ; # 1090 ; # 1086 ; # 1087 ; # 1077 ; # 1076 ; # 1072 ; # 1075 ; # 1086 ; # 1075 ; # 1080 ; # 1095 ; # 1077 ; # 1089 ; # 1082 ; # 1072 ; # 1103 ; # 1089 ; # 1080 ; # 1089 ; # 1090 ; # 1077 ; # 1084 ; # 1072 ; # 1095 ; # 1072 ; # 1089 ; # 1090 ; # 1086 ; # 1091 ; 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The Name of the Rose Monks and the Church Essay Example For Students

The Name of the Rose Monks and the Church Essay In the movie The Name of the Rose?, monks who run the Abbey recognize that knowledge can be a very dangerous thing to possess. They say that the truth is different from what the ruling authority says is the truth. Then such knowledge can become part of a revolution in thinking that destroys everything that they stood for. A conflict between two different ideologies is at the forefront of this movie. It is the conflict between knowledge, truth, and the ideologies found in an ancient book written by Aristotle. In the film, Brother William (played by Sean Connery), a monk who has come to investigate deaths at the Abbey, believes that such books are seen as dangerous by the Church, because they contain different thoughts and ideas that are a completely different from what the church is thinking. The Church recognizes how much power a book could have because Christianity, a religion that was the based on the Bible, defined Europe in the Middle Ages. It was thanks to the Church that the practice of reading and writing survived in Europe. We will write a custom essay on The Name of the Rose Monks and the Church specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now From the beginning, the monkhood made apparent the importance collecting transcribing and studying all of the books they had, they are also trying to combine the Greek and Latin traditions to the teachings of Christianity. This is why in The Name of the Rose,? the scriptorium, the building where the books are hand copied, has such as an important place in the monastery, they work day in and day out copying the old books. When William finds the building he is happy because of all the books that are stored there, We are in one of the greatest libraries in all of the Christian Kingdom. One of the most important goals of the monastery was to keep the knowledge of the past. However, at the same time, they become dangerous if the books ideas are completely different from the churches. A blind monk who has murdered people in the Abbey, tries everything to keep secret Aristotles book on comedy, believing that the truth is to be found in the Bible and in what the Church says is the truth. The Name of the Rose? demonstrates how important the discovery of Aristotles book was to Christianity in Europe in the early Centuries. Before Aristotles writings were found, the Bible was recognized in Europe as the only important book that is true and any other publication that differs is wrong. With the finding of Aristotles writing, it was recognized that another important source of truth and knowledge had been found. The Church did not see this as dangerous as long as the writings were the same as the churchs beliefs: Aristotles understanding of a king or sex agreed with the Christian values of good will and faith. Aristotles main idea could be used to explain a God-driven universe. Saint Thomas Aquinas teachings and ideas were also used by Aristotle and produced the same truths as the Christianity, although the truth of Christianity is the end all and be all of reasoning, still the truth that human reason is naturally supplied to know cannot be rival the reasoning of the Christianity. However, what the Church thought was dangerous, was if Aristotles writings did not support the views and the beliefs made by the Church and could threaten the Churchs power over the people. This is what is at the center of The Name of the Rose,? when the leaders of the monastery believe that Aristotles book on comedy is dangerous to the Christian society. The monk said: Laughter kills fear and without fear there can be no faith. Without fear of the Satan, there is no more need of God. Laughter will remain common mans recreation. The world would relapse into chaos. He believes that such a book must be kept secret because it could destroy everything the Church had worked so hard to build. He was willing to murder just so the book could be kept a secret. .ud257c0b44adc13b7b24378d7efed337a , .ud257c0b44adc13b7b24378d7efed337a .postImageUrl , .ud257c0b44adc13b7b24378d7efed337a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ud257c0b44adc13b7b24378d7efed337a , .ud257c0b44adc13b7b24378d7efed337a:hover , .ud257c0b44adc13b7b24378d7efed337a:visited , .ud257c0b44adc13b7b24378d7efed337a:active { border:0!important; } .ud257c0b44adc13b7b24378d7efed337a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ud257c0b44adc13b7b24378d7efed337a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ud257c0b44adc13b7b24378d7efed337a:active , .ud257c0b44adc13b7b24378d7efed337a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ud257c0b44adc13b7b24378d7efed337a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ud257c0b44adc13b7b24378d7efed337a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ud257c0b44adc13b7b24378d7efed337a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ud257c0b44adc13b7b24378d7efed337a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ud257c0b44adc13b7b24378d7efed337a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ud257c0b44adc13b7b24378d7efed337a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ud257c0b44adc13b7b24378d7efed337a .ud257c0b44adc13b7b24378d7efed337a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ud257c0b44adc13b7b24378d7efed337a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The woman in white - plot and characters EssayBrother William, a man who believes in the power of human reason, instead of fearing the power of Satan, and that no knowledge and no book should be forbidden. When William and his apprentice first arrive at the Abbey, the conflicts between traditional Church beliefs, the age of faith, and the new beliefs of the developmental age of reason, as represented by William become clear. William represents a change in thinking that accepts reasoning as well as faith; this is the main conflict of the film involving the monks who believe such a change in thinking will destroy the Christian society. The church force the peasants to contribute money in order to save their souls, and when they throw out the garbage and the starving peasants eat it. Conflict between the religious orders who believed that the Church should be like Christ and give up all possessions to the poor, and a Church that had grown rich and politically powerful, One of the ways in which the Church showed how much power they had by the drive through of the Inquisition this marks the culmination of a period of change in the Church. Some of the ways the Church exercised its power, has been through the Inquisition, and it told all those whose beliefs were different from the Church, that they would be executed. In The Name of the Rose, the monks who believed that the Church should give up the wealth it accrued and give it back to those, whom they stole it from. The Inquisitor orders them to be tortured and executed for being heretics and for working with the Satan against the Church. The growing conflict between the age of faith and the age of reason to the conflict between a Church that was growing rich and powerful and some of the religious orders that wanted the Church to return to its beginnings, by helping the poor. The Name of the Rose? shows how conflict and religion and social change was taking place in the High Middle Ages, and how much corruption and power can enter anyones life and get a stronghold of the person and almost never let go.

Queen Victoria Essays (1004 words) - Queen Victoria,

Queen Victoria Queen Victoria, written by Carolly Erickson, was a candid tale of the life of Victoria, a British queen whose obstinate and pertinacious behavior helped to maintain England's impenetrable reign over the rest of the world. Erickson aimed to prove that women, such as Victoria, were entirely competent of governing themselves and others, even though women were regarded as inferior and in need of male supervision. The author successfully accomplished her purpose of depicting Victoria in a positive light by imforming the reader of how she managed to triumph over adversity despiite her callous upbringing. Princess Alexandria Victoria was born on May 24, 1819, to the Duke and Duchess of Kent in Kensington Palace. Unfortunately, the Duke passed away shortly after her birth. Therefore, Victoria's upbringing was left in the hands of her avaricious and irascible mother in the hands of her father's tyrannical equerry, Captain Conroy. With only their own self-interests in mind, Victoria's care takers attempted to deprive the young princess of her childhood by enforcing stringent rules and by confining her to the palace. Her own relatives tired to deny her noteworthy status of being third in line for the throne, and they publicly regarded her as an intruder. However, there were, in fact, many favorable aspects of Victoria;s childhood and adolescence. Victoria was taught the grace of dance and the beauty of art in her childhood, and she learned to appreciate her future role as queen through her extensive study of British history. She was quite a determined and uncompromising young princess, and this attitude remained with her throughout her reign as Queen of England. Soon after the death of King William IV, Princess Victoria was crowned as queen at the legal age of eighteen. Queen Victoria aspired to be a fit and upright ruler of England, and iwth the assistance of the English government, Victoria was able to constitute order in all areas of her empire. Her marriage to her cousin, Prince Albert of Sax-Coburg-Gotha, was very advantageous and favorable for both Victoria and her empire. Albert privided the emotional stability that Victoria required in that period of time, and he also supplied England with his wonderful expertise in political and social issues. Their marriage produced nine children who continued this English dynasty after the death of their parents. Albert's tragic death had a detrimental impact on Victoria's life because her husbands served as an emotional crutch for her, and she suddenly felt overwhelmed by her responsibilities as queen. However, with the guidance of her extraordinary prime ministers, Victoria was able to be victorious in wars in Crimea an Prussia. Uner Victoria's rule, England was able to assert its power over India, a country in which Victoria attempted to gain popularity among its citizens. Queen Victoria also organized housing arrangements for England's less fortunate citizens and medical care for the workmen in England's factories. There were incessant disputes among the Whigs and Tories in Parliament, which Victoria successfully ceased, and there were difficulties concerning the British occupation of Sudan, Africa. However, Victoria was able to overcome these hardships and to gain the admiration of her kingdom. On January 22, 1901, Queen Victoria died at the age of eighty one, leaving behind an empire that lamented over the death of such a remarkable ruler. Carolly Erickson's biography of Queen Victoria provided an equitable insight into Victoira's life as queen. Erickson supplied elaborate descriptions of England's palaces and royal celebrations, allowing the reader to easily envision these places and festivities. For example, the author described the House of Windsor with a great deal of detail when writing, "Beyond the magnificent furnishings, glowing tapestries, and fine paintings that adorned the ancient castle's living quarters, there were riches brought from India, booty taken from Tippoo Sahib, including a golden tiger's head and sparkling sculpted peacock studded with rubies and emeralds." Furthermore, the author also included excerpts from Victoria's private journal, which she maintained in the years before and during her rule. These excerpts allowed the reader to view Victoria with feelings of admiration and enderment. The reader was able to share in Victoria's triumphs and tragedies and to understand the emotions that she felt during certain episodes in her life. For instance, Victoria was terribly grieved after the death of her beloved husband, and she felt as if she was lacking part of her soal because of his untimely death. The readers gained an insight into her pain when reading an excerpt from her journal in which she said, "I stood up, kissing his dear heavenly forehead and called out in a bitter

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History of Slavery essays This essay focuses on three historical points. First, slavery existed and sometimes flourished in Africa before the transatlantic slave trade, but neither the African continent nor persons of African origin were as prominent in the world of slaveholding as they would later become. Second, the capture and sale of slaves across the Atlantic between 1450 and 1850 encouraged expansion and repeated transformation of slavery within Africa, to the point that systems of slavery became central to societies all across the continent. Third, even after the abolition of the transatlantic slave trade (largely accomplished by 1850) and the European conquest of Africa (mostly by 1900), millions of persons remained in slavery in Africa as late as 1930. The three sections of the essay address each of these points, giving particular attention to the last two. While the argument reviews the rise and decline of export slave trades - across the Atlantic, the Sahara, the Red Sea, and the Indian Ocean - it focuses on the nature and extent of slavery within sub-Saharan Africa. Before the Transatlantic Slave Trade In ancient Egypt and Nubia slavery existed but not as a dominant institution. The enslavement of the Hebrews in Egypt and Babylonia was a significant exception. In classical times, the commercial North African state of Carthage as well as the Greek states and Rome all relied on slave labor in galleys and in agriculture, and acquired some of their slaves through trade with sub-Saharan Africa. The rise of Islam in the seventh century brought a set of rules that provided protection for those in slave status, but in so doing reinforced the institution of slavery. In Africa, Islam took root first in North Africa, then later in West Africa and along the eastern coast. A large proportion of slaves in Islamic society served as domestics, but slaves also worked as farm laborers and porters. Elite corps of slaves entered the military and government. ...

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TSA career - Research Paper Example work, how these security threats are handled, the level of training necessary for such a job, which licenses or certificates are required, the existence of continuing education, and the extent to which professional development organizations for such a career exist. Firstly, with respect to the type of threats that a practitioner of this profession might encounter, they can of course be concentric upon having the potential to directly serve in the front lines of the fight against terrorism. As such, but a few potential threats that a practitioner might encounter would be concentric upon discovering explosives, weaponry, dealing with dangerous individuals, and seeking to placate unruly and/or frustrated passengers that are aggravated by the delays and inconveniences caused by the necessity to painstakingly check all passengers and carryon luggage. With respect to how a person in such a line of work addresses such security threats, the answer to such a question segues nicely into the third question regarding what training is necessitated to become a TSA agent. In order to equip the applicants with the level of expertise they will need in order to perform the functions of their job, the TSA training regimen requires that all students graduate from a mandatory 1-2 weeks of classroom instruction as well as participate in between 2-3 weeks of OTJ training overseen by a supervisor (Airport Security Careers 2012). However, like many federal positions, training is not something that is merely given at the outset of the career; rather, it is ongoing and requires constant metrics to be met through continuing education. Similarly, certificates of completion of the training and continuing education are constantly tracked. However, before starting one’s career as a TSA agent, it is necessary for one to successfully complete a background examination and credit history verification to ensure that the applicant has their financial affairs in order and does not have any

Rebellion or Revolution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Rebellion or Revolution - Essay Example In this paper I will take a specific position on the two concepts and aim to define each one of them. There have been numerous revolution and rebellions in the past. There has been confusion to some extent in terming an event a rebellion or a revolution. Numerous authors, researchers, historians, have all tried to establish a difference between a rebellion and a revolution. In the following paragraphs I will attempt to establish the difference between the two by taking a specific position on each. In order to do so, I have fallen back on the work of other scholars and some real life examples from the past. First, I will define each of them individually and then try to establish the difference between the two. According to me, a rebellion is an act of protesting or defying the higher authority. In most cases rebellion is a protest or against an ideology, requirement or a restriction. Through a rebellion, an attempt is made at changing a part of a system (for example part of a governme nt). A rebellion is always associated with a negative attitude if not a destructive one. Rebellions lack a proper direction and in most cases lack an affirmative program. Rebellion in most cases is associated with violence. Brinkley (2010) in his article points how to rebellion attitude is associated with negative emotions. But a rebellion is not always violent and negative. But a rebellion is an aggressive attempt to walk away from the routine and the accepted. Rebellion is a fight against the flaws or loopholes in a system that is accepted by majority of the society. It is aimed at changing or refining a part of the system. Rebellion is not associated with majority of the population but is supported only by a few. Hence, the scale of a rebellion is small. A rebellion unlike the common belief can be both violent and non-violent. Example of violent rebellion is rebellion against the Gaddafi government in Libya. A very good example of a non-violent rebellion is the protest by Gandhi against the injustice SA against the Indians. This is very well depicted in the 1982 movie Gandhi (Gandhi, 1982). This is will addressed again later. A revolution on the other hand is much larger in scale and is aimed at overthrowing the entire system or bringing in a major change in the way a system works. A revolution is associated with a positive attitude and is supported by majority of the society. As a result of a revolution there is a fundamental change being brought about with respect to power in a system. Revolution is mainly associated with political change and is much shorter with respect to duration but on a much bigger scale than a rebellion. A revolution brings in a major reform and attracts huge support from different quarters of the society. World has seen numerous revolutions in the past which has resulted in a total change. A revolution can be both violent and non-violent but it is always associated with positive emotion. Russian revolution was a violent revolution which bought a major political change in Russia while the Indian independence movement was a non-violent revolution which got India freedom. Now that the definitions and concepts of the two have been established, let’s see how they are different from each other. To put in a simplest way, revolution is born put of a rebellion. Rebellion is on a smaller scale and is aimed at showing discontent about the system while revolution is aimed at completely overthrowing a system. Rebellion is a narrow domain while revolution is a much broader field. A rebellion becomes a revolution when it gains momentum and realize its capability to bring in change on a large scale. A rebellion can happen at a individual level and might consider individual interests or interests of a small section of the society. Rebellion attitudes are

How Strong Is Your Faith Religion Essay

How Strong Is Your Faith Religion Essay Biblical character Job placed much faith in his lord. He kept his faith despite some of the harshest of circumstances. Job had immense resources that provided for him and his family until Satan challenged God to a test of Jobs faith. It was then that great tragedy befell Job and his family. Further testing his faith, God disfigured Jobs face by giving him welts. Through this entire calamity, Jobs faith grew even stronger, proving Satan wrong. God then replaced Jobs health, job, land, and even provided with him a better wife. Confused, Job wondered why he experienced such a dramatic rollercoaster of life. Job asked God why did this all happen?, and God replied: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Because Im God. Thats was all the answer he needed. God can easily take back everything that he created at any time, which causes man to fear God. People of the purest faith realize this and repay God with a lifetime of homage and servitude. This is usually the key behind all religions were theres a God. For example, in the Hindu faith they have a God in which goes by the name of Shiva, believed to be the restorer and destroyer of worlds, which gives Shiva the persona of being one of the most temperamental gods of any faith. Shiva has the power to destroy the world on a simple whim. To prove his power, Shiva once cut his own sons head and replaced it with an Elephants head. Once there was a story of a man whom desired power more than anything in the world. He had to obtain sacred weapons from Craig Peitz How strong is your faith? Page3 which were created by Shiva. Through deep meditation that went on till he clouded the heavens that eventually angered Shiva. Shiva then challenged the man to a battle, in which he was easily conquered. Shiva was still impressed by the will and determination of this man, so Shiva ended providing him with the weapons that he desired so much. Shiva requires the type of faith that is strong enough that man would even challenge God himself, which would make him the ideal Hindu. Religion is a part of everyones life; throughout history, in art, in music, and especially in literature. Its something that could even be traced back to mans earliest presence in this world. Some peoples faith extends further than others, but does this really matter? When comparing the stories of Job and Jonah, faith seems to no make a difference to God. Job being someone who had strong, pure, and unfaltering faith, and on the other hand, Jonah had such faltering faith. Yet Job was punished when God tested his faith, and at the same time Jonah just fled from God, and yet he was forgiven. Faith seems not to really matter to God in the long run. Between these stories it seems that the good man ends up getting screwed in the end, while the bad guy seems to be rewarded. With that being said, does one man who truly worships God and pure end up weighing more in the eyes of God than an apathetic Hindu? Man having the need to believe that there is something out there that might superior to him with some type of explanation for our presence on this world. God having such an unimaginable popularity to mankind makes him necessary to mankind, definitely having lasted this long. We want to believe and find something that proves there is something more than just a void when its all over. Subconsciously, we even realize there actually was no God, and no afterlife, there would be no consequences, and the basic goodness within man would come to a fault which would take away from us maintaining the little order we have, and would promote chaos all around. Craig Peitz How strong is your faith? Page4 The amazing part of our world is that everyone has unique gifts, skills, and abilities. One man may end up as smart as Albert Einstein with a body like the Hulk, and his brother would have the mind of the Rain-Man and the body of Moby Dick. God seems to rewards us in a variety of ways. Some of us are blessed spiritually, some physically, some mentally, when some are all rounded. Rewards could be proportional to faith. A man with wealth may be a strong believer, while a man with nothing may be a blasphemer. But there might be no connection between the amount of faith you have and how youre rewarded. This would make it much easier to believe, when some of the wealthiest people out there are usually sinful or have their hands something that is. People who believe might not be any better off than people who dont believe. But theres a question that still remains; is religion actually good or bad? In Moby Dick, questions of faith, reward, and reason, floats about subliminally in the lives and fates of all the players. The Pulpit: At my first glimpse of the pulpit, it had not escaped me that however convenient for a ship, these joints in the present instance seemed unnecessary. For I was not prepared to see Father Mapple after gaining the height, slowly turn around, and stooping over the pulpit, deliberately drag up the ladder step by step, till the whole was deposited within, leaving him impregnable in his little Quebec. Things like isolation, and alienation could end up being the result of strong faith. This causes you to be set apart from the crowd, making you an outcast. Father Mapple being one of the truest believers in this novel Craig Peitz How strong is your faith? Page5 sets himself up at a distant, higher, and more protected place. Mapple believes he is a direct messenger from God. In this chapter The Pulpit is built unlike any other. According to Mapples specifications, it was extremely tall with a long rope ladder leading to his platform; this setup was very similar to boarding a vessel. Once Mapple withdrawals the ladder, he goes to an isolated world of his own, taking him away from the city where hes an extremely popular whale man. He feels to have such a necessity of going away to an isolated island away from the real world so then he can communicate with God. Being on a nearly empty, isolated ship seems to be all thats left of his religion. This can be taken to mean that while Mapple is alone on his vessel and silence is surrounding him, he must climb up the simple ladder toward heaven in order to escape the land of the sinners so he can communicate Gods word. He then pulls up the ladder to prevent any distractions, visitors, or invaders. Usu ally a real vessel would be set off to sea, which spiritually Mapple has to do. He then stands up high, looking down on the congregation, he feels he is superior. He has a painting at the foot of the Pulpit of this ship fighting off a colossal storm, and through the clouds is an Angel that is creating light to guide the lonely vessel home. The vessel in the painting is also the same as the vessel represented by the Pulpit and Mapple is at the Helm. Now at the top of the Pulpit is a podium where Mapple reads his bible. His bible in which guides his ship through the storms of evil. Now the resemblance of all this is that religion represents this lonely vessel, which must break through these storms of evil before the world can be holy, and Mapple is the only crewmember on this vessel, who represents mankind. Religion is being a lonely vessel, and man stays alone on this vessel. The tale from Coleridge, The Rime of the Ancient Mariner further expresses this solitude. The mariner, who was a man that was cursed to walk the earth, telling his tale to those that he felt were fit. Craig Peitz How strong is your faith? Page6 Rhyme of the Ancient Mariner: I pass, like night, from land to land; I have strange power of speech the moment that his face I see I know the man that must hear me; to him my tale I teach It was tale of a seaman whose crew had encountered some grilling times during their voyage. They discovered salvation in a special Albatross that helped guide their path with swift wind to clear their passage. Once they were out in the clear, they witnessed that there blessed creature was killed by the mariner. In an instant the situation deteriorated and all two-hundred crew members suddenly dropped dead, with the mariner left all alone in the freezing, stormy weather. Once repented, the vessel was guided by all the ghosts of his crew members to an old hermit who sent him on a solitary quest. The quest he was sent on was for him to spend the rest of his life traveling the world, while telling his tale to all he felt fit. This could very well be Elijahs predicament in (Moby-Dick), someone who appears to be an old insane bum that wont stop trailing Ishmael and Queequeg. It all started when the Pequods papers were signed and that moment Ishmael and Queequeg have in effect signed their souls away. He moved on talking of a prophecy concerning Ahabs fate. Ishmael saw him as a senile fool, but Elijah has a purpose, he is a prophet. He brought about a sense of pessimism before the journey ever started. He was much like the Ancient Mariner in that he was damned to eternity of prophecy and warning. This is a warning that concerns a mistake which will lie ahead on their hunt. To the mariner, the Albatross is hunted despite the fact that it was their salvation sent by god. Elijah might be warning the deaf Ishmael that Moby Dick is actually the Albatross that was sent from god. In any case, Elijahs fate was sealed Craig Peitz How strong is your faith? Page7 forcing him into a life of solitude. He definitely is a true believer, a prophet, and perhaps even some incarnation of God. Once again someones faith leads them to solitude. Elijahs life may just be the ending to Jonahs story. After Jonah repented he was forgiven and reborn as a prophet. As a prophet or even a direct servant of god, his journey will end up being a solitary one; he will have to fend for himself much like Elijah was. Everyone seems to look upon Elijah with suspicion and ridicule, but this comes with the territory. Although Jonahs story never really ended, his fate was still written in stone, and Elijahs life is that fate. Faith destines him to live a life of solitude. Just like Elijah and Jonah, Ishmael is also left to a fate of spreading his tales to those he felt fit. He is the mariner, in which his voyage killed the albatross and he ended up paying the full price left alone in an empty ocean with nothing but a coffin as a life buoy. In all likeliness, God did not allow Ishmael to just shake it off and move on. This tragedy will end up consuming him for the rest of his life, and this cycle will never end because there will always be another Ishmael and his Pequods. Starbuck on the other hand, is one of the most faithful Christians on the Pequod. He is actually the voice of reason out of the whole crew and always maintains his faith while the majority of the crew ends up disregarding it. Like so many others, his religious faith ends up leading him to solitude. Now in The Quarter-deck, Ahab actually describes his experiences with Moby Dick and then announces the goal of his mission, and the entire crew becomes truly excited in which they all end up going along on his insane quest. Through all of this, Starbuck ended up being the only crew member to realize that Ahab had actually changed and became obsessive after this incident. Craig Peitz How strong is your faith? Page8 The Quarter-deck: Vengeance on a dumb brute! cried Starbuck, that simply smote thee from blindest instinct! Madness! To be enraged with a dumb thing, Captain Ahab, seems blasphemous. Even from the beginning, Starbucks faith isolated him from the rest, he could have easily decided to follow the crew, but that would falter his faith. He realizes he is completely different from the rest of the crew. He refused to drink sinfully with the rest, due to the crazed and absurd quest of Ahab. Ishmael described the whole crew as being detestable, but Starbuck is actually the ideal man; maybe even Gods blueprint. Now this is quite a difference. Yet the only factor that separates Starbuck from the whole crew is his faith, but his beliefs end up isolating him from the crew. His faith is truly pure but eventually in ends up faltering. He soon realizes that Ahabs obsession has been growing with each passing day and eventually it will kill them all. At point Ahab actually threatens Starbucks life with a musket over a difference of opinions. Starbuck ends up obtaining the musket and is forced to make a decision between his faith and justice. Starbuck being a man of faith knew that no matter the outcome, it will always end up being Gods will. A difference of faiths caused Queequeg to be alienated from the crew. Queequeg was a prince who came from the island of Kokovoko. Over time he developed an interest with Christianity and later ended up finding himself onboard an English whaling vessel. Although he did attempt to be assimilated into Christian society, but he eventually lost interest and ended up returning back to his own faith. The only thing truly learned were just the skills of whaling. Felling like Christianity had actually made him less than pure he decided not return to his Island to claim his throne. Even though he was greatly respected by the crew, they isolated him for his unique Craig Peitz How strong is your faith? Page9 faith and culture. During Queequegs Ramadan, he was in a deep meditation didnt move for a full day while worshipping his God. Ishmael had never seen anyone do anything like this before, so to get Queequegs attention he tried his hardest to knock down the door. Ishmael- The Ramadan: I then went on, beginning with the rise and progress of the primitive religions and coming down to the various religions of the present time, during which time I labored to show Queequeg that all these Lents, Ramadans, and prolonged ham-squattings in cold, cheerless rooms were stark nonsense; bad for the health; useless for the soul; opposed, in short, to the obvious laws of Hygiene and common sense. I told him, too, that he being in other things such as an extremely sensible and sagacious savage, it pained me, very badly pained me, to see him now so deplorably foolish about this ridiculous Ramadan of his. Ishmael being the fool tries his hardest to cover it by mocking Queequegs god. He questions what kind of savage religion would require your loyalty and discipline. In comparison to other faiths Ishmaels negative reaction indicates the lack of respect Christianity has for their God. Now Queequeg is definitely not the inferior one in this case. It seems that Ishmaels faith may be so weak and insecure that he feels he must convert and condemn every savage he sees. Even though he says that Christianity has progressed, it seems he may very Craig Peitz How strong is your faith? Page10 well may be using a different dictionary than the rest of the world. Unless progressed actually means to be declined to such an extent that a faithful Christian and a prophet are considered freaks and are shunned and isolated from the world. Ishmaels prayers to Yojo showed that he himself believes that Quequegs faith is inferior to his. Ishmael and Queequeg underwent a pagan ritual, smoking to the doll, in order to confirm their marriage. Ishmael -A Bosom Friend: I was a good Christian; born and bred in the bosom of the infallible Presbyterian Church. How then could I unite with this wild idolater in worshipping his piece of wood? But what is worship? , thought I. Do you suppose now, Ishmael, that the magnanimous God of heaven and earth- pagans and all included-can be possibly be jealous of an insignificant bit of black wood? Impossible! Ishmael is in denial and doesnt realize it. He has troubles excepting that the Christians God and Queequegs God are the same being but in different forms. His faith is not strong enough to see the idol as nothing more than just a piece of wood. This is exactly where the relationship starts to have problems. Ishmael feels church is infallible and lacks any solid proof. He feels this was due to it being forced and installed into him his whole life. On the other hand, Queequeg has spent ample amount of time worshipping his God to where he truly believes. Ishmael being so close-minded, he refuses to accept that Queequegs faith as anything Craig Peitz How strong is your faith? Page11 more than inferior, therefore making him more isolated from Ishmael than a normal from what Christian standards of friendship are. In other words, Queequegs faith makes Ishmael see him more as a pet than a friend. Queequeg is much like the character that goes by the name of John the savage from Huxleys Brave New World. John was raised away from new civilization, therefore he the opportunity to have his own opinions, ideas, and ideals. Now on the other hand, everybody that lives in this new society were brain washed from when they were children in order to fit into their assigned classes. Just like Ishmael and the Christians, they were raised believed that everything that they thought they knew was infallible. They believed in their somas, a drug, as a means to escape from their reality, while John knows that the somas were only just a diversion. They believed that the Feelies, a form of entertainment, was the only form of art, while john knew that was wrong for a fact. He was well aware of literature, poetry, and Shakespeare. John was very open-minded because he wasnt like everyone else, a brainwashed conformist. So do you think if Ishmael would have become more open if he wasnt raised by the church? Queequeg was discriminated against by everyone, because of his faith when he first boarded the ship. There is one criterion for working aboard the Pequod, it was that you were a Christian. It didnt matter if you were a Killer, thieve, or even an overall scum. All types were welcome with open arms as long as you were Christian. On the other hand, Queequeg must prove himself to everyone before he can work with them. It took a very dramatic experience for Queequeg in order to prove his worth to the crew. This all occurred when a foolish man who ridiculed Queequeg was knocked overboard due to a loose post that knocked him into the ocean. Queequeg immediately dove into the icy water without any hesitation at all in order to save this man, and he succeeded. Since his beliefs differed from the others, he was required prove himself to his shipmates even though it wasnt necessary for others, Christians, to do so. Unfortunately Queequegs faith separated him from Craig Peitz How strong is your faith? Page12 his shipmates. In a way it seems Christianity really screwed Queequeg over. He was completely rejected by the others, even though his interests in Christianity lead him to leave his people. He was driven away from Christianity from all the corruption that came with it. Since his purity was tainted by Christianity, it made him unworthy to be able to return home and claim his throne. So far the strong faith that was in the lives of these mentioned believers has not yet been a positive factor in their lives. We have Job who endured a humiliating test by the God he loved. Then theres Mapple who felt that in order to communicate with God he had to be isolated upon a pulpit. Then we have Elijah, the mariner, who preach the word of God to everyone he saw even though they deemed him a humbug. Now we cant forget about Queequeg who was discriminated against by everyone, even his own tribe, just because he was involved in two faiths. These stories make it seem like there is no advantage to having any faith at all. In fact, in the long run no matter whom they were and how strong their faith was, the entire crew ended up having the same fate: a watery death. All except for Ishmael, who was supposedly left to live his life as prophet spreading the word of God? The only affect religion seemed to actually have on these lives, was nothing more than pain and isolation. No one wa s rewarded nor did they receive any advantages just for loving God. In which seemed to have the opposite effect for the non-believers, they had a clear advantage to not having any religion at all. A life spent without religion is a life spent with leisure. The second mate of the Pequod was Stubb, and he was the complete opposite of Starbuck. Starbuck started this voyage to earn a living, in which Stubb just joined for the thrill of the hunt. Through this entire voyage, Stubb really enjoyed himself. His days are now worried free. His supper is one example of his impertinence and carefree attitude. He and the black cook, Craig Peitz How strong is your faith? Page13 Fleece, have a conversation that leads to questions about death. Stubb asks Fleece where he plans on going after his death, and Fleece just subtly points up. Which was quite funny since Stubb didnt understand this so he told Fleece that we definitely dont need a corpse just hanging from their masthead. Stubb -Stubbs Supper: You said up there, didnt you? And now look at yourself, and see where your tongs are pointing. But, perhaps you expect to get into heaven crawling through the lubbers hole, cook; but, no, no , cook, you dont get there, except you go the regular way, round by the rigging. Its a ticklish business, but must be done, or else its no go. None of us are in heaven yet. He might have some belief in heaven, but its definitely in a very distant corner of his mind. He lives his life without worry of heaven at least until the last possible moment. He thinks faith is nothing but useless, hes a non-believer. He asks Fleece how he intends to get into heaven since it seems the effort is more trouble than it is actually worth. On the other hand, the regular way in Stubbs mind involves a Starbuck-type loyalty, which he doesnt want to give. When he says none of us are in heaven yet he is basically saying: why bother? There is no proof and no live person can be sure that heaven even exists until they die. Therefore, his life is full of enjoyment having no religion, and yet he shares the same fate of Gods blueprint. Starbuck doesnt consider or Craig Peitz How strong is your faith? Page14 fear death at all, and this is how he lives without any worries, superstitions. One example Ishmael give for Stubbs lack of religion and faith, is his pipe. It was described as a part of his face, he thought of it to be some kind of disinfectant that would protect him from Gods wrath. Ishmael doesnt want to believe that there will be no consequences for your decisions in life. Yet some having no religious conviction at all easily lives his life freely, unlike most other Christians. I feel we all have the opportunity to make our own Blue Prints of life regardless of our beliefs and or faith. The only things that all humans have in common is suffering, which brings us together, but yet we all are destined to the fate of death some just sooner than others. These two monolithic figures from literary history lived two very similar lives despite their differences in faith and styles of coping. Both were beset by great tragedy, and endured in their own was. Perhaps there is something to be said of the captains demise when compared to Jobs perseverance, but a faith in something greater is what bound them together.